Tüketici kredileri
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- Tez No: 30852
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. SELÇUK ÖZTEK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bankacılık, Banking
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1994
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Marmara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 169
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Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY A-)Consumer Credits For the survival of the whole living organizma, their requirements must be met. Human beings have also some certain requirements. Apart from their needs,asa result of the technologi cal improvements there appeared some pruducts to ease their living.As their revenues are limited,the way of owizing these products has become harder. In such an environment it becomes necassary for the people to finance them in the view of consumption. The financing of the consumers is based on past years.Even in Babylons there could be met consumer credits although not having the same sense as today. We can define consumer credits as;crediting to persons except commercial aims inorder to be paid-back due to certain conditions by them due to the purchase of any service ar goods or not. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUMER CREDITS In all the countries around the world,consumers are mainly supparted by suppliers financially.Suppliers and manufacturers have provided individuals some facilities on payment inorder to sell their products.The most important of them is instalment sales.By this metfaod,the seller ©an choose two ways:Either receiving the whole debt by instalment without any in advance cash or receiving a certain amount of payment in advance and to collect the rest by instalment. Consumer credits was first applied in U.S.A. in recent means.In this country sellers financed consumers over years as well. Thereafter 19 other financial institutions began to finance consumers as well as banks.During that period,banks also started to work in this field. 120Instalment gates financial companies: The main mission of these companies is tu provide credits for persons of various qualities whu are in need of funds and to collect their debts.These companies are also in collaboration with banks.While the companies finance the sale of the products taking part in the instalment sales schedule9they discount the commercial credits or give credits in return for these. Credits Associations: They have been established by the aim of giving consumer credits only to their members. Saving and Credit Institutions: They evawate important part of the funds by giving longterm credits in return for the mortgage on properties. Consumer Financial Companies: They give credits of small amounts.The most important characteristic of this is that,the credit ceiling to be opened percapita is determined by laws. Apart from these insurance companies especially give credits for car purchase.Industial banks are established to provede individual insurance to their workers. CONSUMER EVALUATION CRITERIA OF CONSUMER CREDIT INSTITUTIONS Eithor the seller?ar the financial institutions have to make a real evaluation on the person to be given a credit morder to reduce the risk. We can list the factors to be taken in to account during this evaluation as follows; Personal Factors: These factors include the particular characteristics of persons. Within these characteristics there exist the age^marital staiui.seXynumber of individuals within his/her family and his/her continuity ta the residence.As the result of the investigations it has been pointed out that^persons at a certain age and residing at acertam place and it married and number of individuals within the same family are lessee risk of non-retumability is less than the people having opposite characteristics. 122Business related factorg.lt is important for a person to provide a constant and a permanent in come from the job he/she works. Financial Factors:As well as his/her financial power that his fortune the person to be given the credit should own a certain level of in come. The characteristic of the credit demanded:The credit demanded must not exceed the ratio a person can pay with his level of income.Less amount reduces the risk. Financial institutions decide to give ar not to give credits by applying one of the two evaluation methods in the light of all these characteristics.These methods are :Personal evaluation method and credit tick method. Personal Evaluation Method: In this method,the credit speacialist makes an evaluation by his own presentiments by taking the credit policy of the bank into account morder approve or to reject the credit demand. Credit Tick Method: The person demanding the credit is given points according to the characteristics listed above.Credit demands remaining below a certain point are sent back. RATING CONSUMER CREDITS Rating of consumer credits is more confused than the rating of commercial credits. The average cost of the consumer credit,depends on the scale of the credit.Thereforesfor the rating of consumer credits some criteria must be found. These are: The volume of the credit and the affects of the pay-back preferances acknowledged to the consumer. Genaral policy of the bank with the consumer credit. Policies related to consumer credits of other competing banks. After giving consumer credits^banks determine the part of the credit to be given as a consumer credit and the fields to which it will be given. The form the terms of payment of consumer. While deciding this matter,the most important criteria is the policies of other competing banks on the consumer financial institutions scould be considered as well. 123It schould be made possible for the consumer to have information related to the credit and credit reporting systems have to be developed. Decrees preventing the consumers must be included in the agreementGreat care should be taken to prevent from the deceptive expressions. Joint responsibility between the person giving credit and suppliers should be provided. B-CONSUMER CREDITS IN TURKEY In Turkeysconsumers have been financed by the sellers for years.Recently for example?in the financing of durable consumer goods,consumers are financed by sellers.Campaigns arranged by durable consumer goods producers are realized as in advance instalment sales. But in 1988 as the result of economical policies being applied in the direction of demand constraints, increasing deposit interests have affected the interests on commercial credits. As a conclusion banks were unable to transfer the funds they have, to the industrialists. As the producers and investers were bodies of high -risks ? banks didn't want to carry risk by giving credits to such firms. This directed the banks to new searchings for dissolving funds. First of all, consumer credits in the involvement of personal credits of Yapı Kredi Bank began to be given by banks. This product was also used by other banks repidly. Another reason directing banks toward consumer credits is that, consumer credit is one of the credits where the risk of non-retumability is rninimum. People using consumer credits are usually employees and workers of ages 26 to 45 and have a certain income level. As the level of education increases consumer credit usage ratio becomes higher. Consumer credits are mostly used in the purchase of properties and cars. 124In our country, credits are forward sale credits. Usually for consumer credits there are found durations varying from 6 to 32 months. Interest payments are computed by decreasing charge method. Another product having entered our country with consumer credits is, investment securities based on assets. Banks managed a little decrease in consumer credits interest rate, with this product creating new fund sources of cost relatively reasonable. As banks in Turkey started for consumer credit services, the financial load on selling and marketing companies decreased. Today,many campaigns are held by the intervention of banks. The most important danger in Turkey in the view of consumer is that,settlements involving consumer protection hasrit yet been made. AlsOjthe existanee of inconvenience because of the risk decentralization in the investigation of consumer credit demanders in an important problem.Legal settlements to solve the conflicts on consumer credits do not exist. This can cause gome problems. ADVANTAGES OF CONSUMER CREDITS TO THE PARTIES Despite all these negativenessessthere are various reasons for the banks to put the consumer credit into force. These are; Banks finds the possibility to use the fund. Also?eam§ interest in come.The riskof non-returnability decreases. In the view of consumerjie has the possibility to buy the good and service anytime without being obliged to wait. Apart from thisjhe is protected from the risk of price increase of the go©4Jn future. 125DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONSUMER CREDITS AND COMMERCIAL CREDITS Consumer credits are more monotonous than the commercial eredits.AncUhis enables specializing and service centralization Consumer credits have the possibilities of instalment at a certain interest of long-term and increases riskin order to reduce this risk;credit terms^monthly payments,prepayments or warranty conditions,penalties on-payment and over-due payments should be used affectively. Anotner factor affecting the cost of the consumer credits are the acts put into force related to consumer credits to prevent the consumers.However5there is not such an effect in Commercial credits. While consumer credits are given for the need of individualSyCommercial credits are given for investment purposes. Loss is limited with consumer credits. The reason for this?is the small scale of the credits.Reduction of toss is with reduction of costs.From the point of view of criteria taken for the evaluation of credits5the evaluation of consumer credits take shorter time than the evaluation of commercial credits.As technological improvements bring personnel saving it reduces the possibility of profitability more. PREVENTION OF THE CONSUMER As a result of wrong-canalization especially by the influence of advertismentSjConsumers demand for credits without getting complete information on real interest to be applied on the credit and other addition al ©osts.Agreements are in such a type that debtor is less prevented. Ifa conflict aris es the debtor usually comes out the loser.Because of thissthere are some matters t© be taken into account These are; Part that finances the consumer should be under governmental control and has to take permission for the procedures. Some obligatory characteristics should be meluded into the advertisments. 126In the view of geller?eonsumer credits cause the price of a good t© increases they increase the total demand ©n goods and serviees.By the expiry date difference applied on credit sales5profit margin of the seller sncreases.If the credit is financed by bankSjhe transfers the riskof non-retumability to the bank as well as having the value of the product in cash. In the view of country econonmysby increasing the demand he makes positive contribution to investment and employment. Against all these advantages there are found some disadvantages as well. By increasing the purchase desire of the consumer,it can cause him to barrow more than enough. Apart from thisscausing him to spend his future savings it reduces his liquidity. By keeping the bills he got from instalment sales in his portfoliOySeller increases his need of working capital. This deteoriates the financial structure. As the increasing demand will hold up the prices in the view of country economyfthis can cause economical balances to deteoriate and may give rise to inflationist mediums. In the view of banks^disadvantage will tage place when necessary information about the consumer cannot be provided. 127
