Anion exchange membrane design for reverse electrodialysis
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 401561
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. KITTY NIJMEIJER
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2014
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: University of Twente
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 189
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a clean, sustainable, and thus a promising and potentially attractive technology for the generation of energy from the mixing of solutions with different salinity. It utilizes the free energy of mixing these solutions (e.g. river water and seawater) to generate power. In RED, a concentrated salt solution and a less concentrated salt solution are brought into contact through ion selective membranes (anion exchange membranes, AEMs, and cation exchange membranes, CEMs) that are alternately patterned in a stack. Anion exchange membranes allow only anions to pass through towards an anode and cation exchange membranes allow only cations to pass through towards a cathode. At the electrodes a redox couple is used to provide the transfer of electrons through an external circuit, thus creating power. The ion exchange membranes are key elements in RED. Especially the study of anion exchange membranes is crucial since the fabrication is complex and limited research has been done specifically for RED. This PhD thesis investigates the design and development of the RED process, with a special focus on fabrication, characterization and optimization of anion exchange membranes. Chapter 2 deals with the fabrication of homogeneous anion exchange membranes in a simple, environmentally friendly manner. Different membrane properties and characterization methods are studied and implemented. The directions towards how to tune membrane properties specifically for RED are defined. The results suggest that PECH membranes are good materials for a viable RED process. Very low area resistances with good permselective properties were obtained in a single-step process. In addition, the membrane thickness should be as low as possible to generate high power outputs in RED. With this study, for the first time, it was shown that tailor- made anion exchange membranes installed in a RED stack increase the power obtainable from the mixing of seawater and river water. As a next step, it was investigated which membrane property dominates and how to correlate the membrane properties to the RED performance. To clarify this, Chapter 3 systematically investigates the bulk membrane properties of both a series of commercially available membranes and tailor-made membranes (both anion and cation exchange membranes) and correlates these to experimental RED performance data. The results set directions to decrease the area resistance rather than to improve permselectivity because area resistances of the membranes were found to be the dominant parameter regarding RED performance. This was the first time that a RED stack was constructed with only tailor-made membranes of which the properties could be easily tuned. In addition, the performance of such a RED stack exhibited the highest gross power density (1.3 W/m2) relative to the stacks with commercially available membranes. The results are of high importance as they show the directions towards tailoring ion exchange membranes for RED applications. In Chapter 4, the practical potential of monovalent ion selective anion exchange membranes is further investigated. As RED in natural conditions requires the use of natural seawater and river water, the presence of multivalent ions in the feed is inevitable. These ions have a decreasing effect on the power output in RED. To prevent this undesired effect, monovalent ion selective membranes were fabricated by using UV irradiation and a standard commercial anion exchange membrane was coated with an additional cation exchange layer, making the membrane monovalent selective. A monovalent selectivity comparable to that of the commercially available monovalent ion selective membranes was achieved. Obtained membranes with their negatively charged coating layer exhibited increased hydrophilicity and sufficient antifouling potential against organic foulants, resulting in minimized power density losses in RED. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the fabrication of micro-structured membranes that eliminate the spacer shadow effect. The spacer shadow effect occurs when non- conductive spacers are used to separate membranes from each other in the RED stack. Because of their non-conductive character, they reduce the effective area of the membranes for ionic transport resulting in low power outputs obtainable in RED. To eliminate the use of these spacers, structured anion exchange membranes having a structure height of 100 μm were fabricated by casting a polymer solution on microstructured stainless steel molds followed by solvent evaporation. Self-standing, non-reinforced anion exchange membranes were obtained having straight-ridge, wave or pillar structures. Pillar-structured membranes exhibited a more uniform flow distribution compared to that of other types. 21% lower ohmic resistance was obtained by the use of pillar-structured membranes compared to the stack with flat membranes. That resulted in 38% higher gross power density and 20% higher net power density. The last part of this thesis, Chapter 6 discusses the future potential of the RED process as a clean, sustainable energy generating technology. It indicates the directions to further optimize, design and develop the process in two main aspects: membrane design and development; and hydrodynamics and stack design. It briefly presents the main insights that were experienced in this PhD thesis, that need to be addressed to make the RED process a full scale, commercially attractive technology for salinity gradient power generation.
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