Osmanlı maliyesinde esham uygulaması (1775-1840)
The Adoption of the esham system in the Ottoman finance (1775-1840)
- Tez No: 72381
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. YÜCEL ÖZKAYA
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Tarih, History
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Yakınçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 322
Özet
SUMMARY The Esham System was the last step of the transformation of Timar and Malikane Systems between 1775-1840. It has reconciled two systems and on the other hand it has solved the crises of the Ottoman finance in short term and also became a modern policy in public debt. With the expansion of the system, it included the biggest mukataas of the empire and resulted in the increase of state loans, which was nearly equal to the half of the state incomes in 17 years. Thus the state tried to compensate her expenditure by issuing public annuity (esham) in lieu of money which were being traded between parties as a kind of public security, and to pay burdens of reformations and wars taken place in that period. Because of the Malikane System, centrifugal powers and local authorities has taken the control of the economic resources belonged to central treasury and powers delegated to the representatives of the center. The adoption of Esham System has served the central state to realise her centralisation policy against the centrifugal powers and local magnates. With this system, the state has over come to redistribution of economic surplus for the benefice of central authority and its allies concentrated at the capital city of empire and take the control of the power usurped by centrifugal authorities and local dignitaries. Though by the esham system, the center and its allies have taken the control of economic resources and redistributed the economic surplus for their benefices, the centrifugal powers and local magnates was allowed to take shares from Esham System with the Emanet System used in the administration of mukataas adopted Esham System in some limits. Theoretically, although the sale of esham in auctions held in the capital city was open to every Muslim citizen of empire and non-Muslim by the year 1794, the ruling class has taken the control of the esham. However, the opening of esham auctions to every citizen especially to women is very important development in the mentality of central authority. Thus by the system which is one of the symbol of a 213Modern State caused to the centralisation of economic resources and its administration, prepared the hot bed of the modern practises such as paper money called“Evrak-ı Nakdiye”, foreign loan, banking and exchange stock in the Ottoman Empire. 214
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY The Esham System was the last step of the transformation of Timar and Malikane Systems between 1775-1840. It has reconciled two systems and on the other hand it has solved the crises of the Ottoman finance in short term and also became a modern policy in public debt. With the expansion of the system, it included the biggest mukataas of the empire and resulted in the increase of state loans, which was nearly equal to the half of the state incomes in 17 years. Thus the state tried to compensate her expenditure by issuing public annuity (esham) in lieu of money which were being traded between parties as a kind of public security, and to pay burdens of reformations and wars taken place in that period. Because of the Malikane System, centrifugal powers and local authorities has taken the control of the economic resources belonged to central treasury and powers delegated to the representatives of the center. The adoption of Esham System has served the central state to realise her centralisation policy against the centrifugal powers and local magnates. With this system, the state has over come to redistribution of economic surplus for the benefice of central authority and its allies concentrated at the capital city of empire and take the control of the power usurped by centrifugal authorities and local dignitaries. Though by the esham system, the center and its allies have taken the control of economic resources and redistributed the economic surplus for their benefices, the centrifugal powers and local magnates was allowed to take shares from Esham System with the Emanet System used in the administration of mukataas adopted Esham System in some limits. Theoretically, although the sale of esham in auctions held in the capital city was open to every Muslim citizen of empire and non-Muslim by the year 1794, the ruling class has taken the control of the esham. However, the opening of esham auctions to every citizen especially to women is very important development in the mentality of central authority. Thus by the system which is one of the symbol of a 213Modern State caused to the centralisation of economic resources and its administration, prepared the hot bed of the modern practises such as paper money called“Evrak-ı Nakdiye”, foreign loan, banking and exchange stock in the Ottoman Empire. 214
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