Sosyal ve mekansal değişmenin etkileşimi cumhuriyet sonrası istanbul konutları

The Interaction of social and spatial change: republican period houses in İstanbul

Tez No: 39468
Yazar: AYTONGA DENER
Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. ATİLLA YÜCEL
Tez Türü: Doktora
Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1994
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 271

Özet

Özet (Çeviri)

ÖZET Toplumsal gelecek, ancak değişme ile olanaklıdır. Geçmişte kurulan uygarlıkların yitip gitmesi, bütün değer ve geleneklerin değişmesi, düşünürleri sosyal değişme olgusu üzerine eğilmeye itmiştir. Sosyologlar, toplumsal tarihin yalnızca bir kısmını ele alırlar. Tarihçiler ise olayların bütününü, her defasında yeniden kendi bakış açılarına göre yorumlarlar. Doğadaki tüm organizmalar kendiliğinden değişirek basitten karmaşığa doğru gelişme gösterirler. Teknoloji kendiliğinden oluşan değişmeyi hızlandırıcı rol oynar. Değişme, herhangi bir bütünün önceki duruma göre farklı bir hal almasıdır. Organik yapı kalıcı değildir. Ancak, toplumlar düşünsel ürünler aracılığıyla sürekli var olurlar. Sosyal değişmenin nedeni, nasıl oluştuğu ve yönü hakkında anlaşamayan düşünürler, bu konuda değişik kuramlar ortaya koymuşlardır. Bazı sosyologlar ise bu kuramları sınıflayan tipolojiler oluşturmuşlardır. Türkiye, mülk sahibi olmayı engelleyen Osmanlı sosyo-ekonomik yapısının bazı özellikleri miras olarak almış durumdadır. Bu nedenle, Cumhuriyet kurulduğunda, devlet, sanayiyi kurabilecek bir burjuva sınıfım geliştirme görevini üstlenmiştir. Daha Osmanlı Devrinde başlayan Batılılaşma çabalan, yeni toplumsal yapı içinde Doğu Batı karşıtlığını oluşturmuştur. Ekonomik gelişmenin Batılı devletler düzeyine gelememesi ve demokratik bir toplumsal sistemin oturtularnaması sorunları çözümü için farklı mekanizmaların kurulmasına yol açmıştır. Türkiye'de ailelerin değişimi, demografik bilgi ve Türk yazarlarının romanlarından çıkarılan yorumlar çerçevesinde irdelenmiştir. Sözkonusu ailelerin yaşadığı konutlar ise İstanbul'un fiziksel değişimi incelenerek yapılmış ve dört aks belirlenmiştir. Osmanlı Devrinde, İstanbullu aileler, kırsal Anadolu'ya göre aile tipi, evlenme yaşı, sahip olunan çocuk sayısı bakımından farklı bir tutum içerisindeydiler, özellikle, yöneticiler ve çevrelerindeki seçkin kesim, Batılı,“uygar”bir yaşam biçimine, özen duyuyorlardı. Cumhuriyet sonrasında bu düşünceyi pekiştiren reformlar uygulanmaya başlandı. Yeni seçkinler, giderek farkhlaştılar ve halktan koptular. Mistik anlayışlar, mekan ve insanın birbirlerinin yaradılışında etkili olduğu düşüncesi doğrultusunda görüş bildirmektedirler. Mekan ve zaman insan düşüncesinin oluşturduğu ve birlikte ele alınması gereken bir boyuttur. Mekansal örüntü, sosyo-kültürel özelliklere göre biçim almaktadır.“Türk Evi”nin gerek yerel ve gerekse bazı Asya kültürlerinden etkilendiği bilinmektedir. 18. yüzyıldan başlayarak seçkin kesimin mekansal davranışları Batılılaşma yönünde değişmeye başlamıştır. Halk, Doğulu ve Batılı olma arasında kalarak sorunlarına kendine özgü çözümler üretmiştir. Yeni ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmeler, dünya çapındaki iletişimi, kültürel alışverişi hızlandırarak yeni bir yaşam biçimlerinin oluşmasına olanak tanımaktadır. Türkiye, bir ölçüde bu gelişmelerden payını almaktadır. Ne var ki gelişmiş ülkelerin düzeyine gelebilmek için zaman gerekmektedir. Türkiye'nin bir süre daha sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapıya ilişkin ikililikleri yaşayacağı anlaşılmaktadır. IXproduce together. It is possible to handle culture as a function of society that has cohesive and psychological effects. Some of the philosophers define materialistic culture as building, equipment, machine and domestic animals and ideological culture as meaning, value and principles. Social change covers a larger part of social system but cultural change sometimes can direct society. All the theoreticians admit the reality of social change but they each gives different explanations. According to equilibrium theorists, it will be right to separate the inactive and active subsystems in a given system. Active systems balance the whole. They also add that present knowledge is not enough to built a general theory that is explaining process of change in social systems. It is hard to give a common definition of social change because it is not possible for theoreticians to agree on same cause or direction. On the other hand, according to conflict theorists social change depends to differentiation of production structure, sharing and meaning system. For equilibrium theorists, social change occurs when the resistance of interests undermined. There can never be only one cause or priority between the causes of social change. However, conflict theorists define human-nature and human-human antagonisms as the cause of social change. Inequality between individuals becomes noticeable by technological developments. Sociologists have tried to classify the social change theories and make some different typologies. Generally, they have made their classifications according to the way that theorists explain the causes of social change or the scale of social group in which change has occurred. First approach, identify conflict theories, Marxist and non- Marxist variants, evolution theories, equilibrium theories, rise and fall-cyclical theories and contemporary theories. Second approach gives different scales of relations like individual (micro sociological theories), interactive (middle range theories) and social (macro sociological theories). It is possible to recompose different parts of these two typologies and suggest a third classification by separating theories that locate the cause of change in the forces that are generated by society or a given subsystem of society as endogenous and the theories that admit the society as a basically stable, well- integrated system that is disrupted or altered only by the impact of forces external to the system as exogenous. At the last analysis, every typology articulates another comment to the spectum of theories. Theories become different by the degree of importance they give to social change in the social system. Viewing to Western societies, Turkey has some different social structures and a social system from the very beginning. During establishment period, Ottomans took some local socioeconomic structures as an example for themselves. Rural system had been composed of peasants and military rulers (sipahi) who was gathering taxes and organizing military forces for the government. They were responsible to the Sultans and had to account for their actions. The government had been protecting the farmers and never letting the military rulers gain too much force. For a couple of centuries, they could neither own the lands nor became lords. This type of social system is evaluated as Asian Type of Production (ATUT). World's changing socioeconomic conditions had affected the social system of Ottoman Empire. The governing group realized the worsening economic conditions and the underdeveloped structures of their social system when they were defeated at some wars and lost some of the lands. They decided to take some precautions and organized some reforms. In XIWesternization period, Ottomans tried to change their way of lives and organized new environmental conditions. The bureaucrat elites who began to govern the new Republic in 1923 defined the government's the most important task as to develop the bourgeoisie in the country. Besides, they committed a set of reforms and used force in order to reshape the society. This strict Westernization program for a“civilized”society developed opposite forces. In 1950, some traders and artisans who were supporting liberal economy and traditional values achieved to raise their voices and gained the general elections. The new leaders were not able to establish a real liberal economy and some of the democratic rights could be gained after 1960. Till 1980's natural income grew at a very low rate. Especially, in 70's the lack of a healthy democratic system became the most important problem of the society. In 80's, automobile, confection and food industry have already been developed. New government politics let traders to import various consuming goods. The government tried hard to fix the liberal economy and encouraged consuming. The system of Ottoman society was different from some other developed capitalist societies in relations with the government, peasants and local governing bodies. The central government had undermined the development of local forces. When new Republic was established unlike Western societies the development of industry was announced to be a task of government. These differences affected the whole system and the lack of a real democratic institution resulted with some special buffer mechanisms. These abnormal structures can be chased in cultural products such as music, films and even in spatial behaviors. In chapter three, a method is presented in order to show the interrelation between social and spatial change. Republican period houses and families living in Istanbul are chosen to be iterated. The explanation of family types and their reactions to the social differentiation is supported by quotations from Turkish narrators who worried about some social developments and criticized the society like a sociologist. On the other side, the physical change of Istanbul is tried to be displayed in order to select the regions that examples of houses can be gathered. A typology has been made with the house projects which are published at some architectural periodic. Some other examples are added to the study taking some house projects randomly from the archives of four municipalities. In chapter four, attitudes of different types of Turkish families and their properties some of which are inherited from pre-Republican families. The demographic data is supported by the knowledge gathered from Turkish novels. Generally, it is accepted that rural families in Ottoman Empire were extended and composed of five person. According to another view, the rural household formation system can be considered as a joint household system because every family has had the experience of different household types during their pasts. The contrast between rural Anatolia and Ottoman Istanbul in household formation was as great as it was in so many other socioeconomic dichotomic structures. In Istanbul most of the families were simple. The different attitudes at the marriage age (30 for men and 21 for women) and the number of children that the families had defined the type of families. In this sense, the xnfamilies in Ottoman Istanbul resemble to Mediterranean families. By the Westernization, family members living in Istanbul tried to change their whole appearance by wearing like a European and speaking a foreign language. Turkish girls were taught music, dance by foreign teachers. They enjoyed at dinner parties just like European people. Today, most of the households are single in Turkey and the families are composed of 4 people in Istanbul. The families living in Western regions of Anatolia have less child (2.72) comparing to East and South East Regions (4.23). The new bureaucrats and their families showed great effort to emphasize that they were just like European people and even they began to search for a different heritage. The luxury that the few families living in appealed lower class family members. The transition of social structure affected the families; in 1950's the rural family members searching for new jobs migrated to the big cities living their relatives and many problems behind them. In 70's, some of the families could not even find an apartment to rent while some other were living in houses with swimming pools and tennis courts. Family attitude has always reflected the dichotomies of socioeconomic structure. They have tried to be like Western people but there has been something implicit which has belonged to East. The concept of space and the space transition in Turkish houses constitutes the main subject of chapter five. According to mystic belief space is not something real but only a virtual image of God which is able to create man. On the other side, when man learned that he himself was able to create, he understood that he was the creator of whole space. Space and time are two related concepts; if they are separated neither space nor time has a meaning. They can form an abstract dimension only when they are together. In reality they are only the products of thought. In a great amount, knowledge of space can be gathered by visual perception. Viewing from a different angle every person articulates an individual perspective to the space concept. Societies determine the space density and its special pattern according to their own needs. The city features, roads, buildings and other signs are all arranged by societies. For this reason a foreign milieu can make people uncomfortable. There are some different approaches that are trying to explain the social logic of space and evaluating the relations between space and society. This kind of studies analyzes the space relations with gamma maps. It is obvious that, not only some local but also Asian culture has an effect on the space relations of“Turkish house”. The different typologies try to analyze development of space formation in traditional Turkish house. At the last analysis, there are two main trends which complete each other. The first one, tries to show the evolution of Turkish house taking room or room and service area (sofa) as the basic unit while the second emphasizes the Asian effect on the square scheme which is used in the houses of elites in the last centuries. The governing group of Ottoman Empire left their wooden houses and moved in to new apartments that located in the areas where the minorities and foreign people were living. This trend did not change much in Republican Period. Wealthy families favored to live in big apartments that has had heating, gas installations and well illumination. Poor families, on the contrary, did not have much chance and they usually developed their own solutions. Sometimes, they have built squatter xmsettlements and sometimes they come together with some businessmen, the contractors and have built a system to find the cheapest way to have a house. It seems that the new developments in the socioeconomic system will increase the variations of solutions. In the last chapter, the new trends in the world and in Turkey tried to be evaluated. Technology will play a great role in the new life styles. It will be possible to speak about world culture and world wide economic systems. New materials and new energy sources are going to be used. Computer systems will help to develop a different type of relation between business places and residential areas. In Turkey, some utility has already begun to be used in daily life though technology is imported. It is estimated that in 2000's Turkey will have a better economic and democratic social system but it is hard to catch the state of developed capitalist system. Besides, Turkey is going to have an important economic role in the region. It will not be wrong to say that in the coming years dichotomic socioeconomic structure will continue but the country will have more power to solve its problems. xiv

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