Field and laboratory studies on heavy metal uptake and tissue distribution, atpase activity and metallothionein in tissues of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus (L.)
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 400439
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. ROBERT W. FURNESS
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Zooloji, Zoology
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: The University of Glasgow
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Zooloji Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 310
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
1). Heavy metal concentrations in sea water and sediment vary widely in different parts of the world. An important factor affecting heavy metal concentrations in an area is man-made contamination.2). Heavy metals inhibit or alter many biological processes in decapod crustaceans and toxic effects of heavy metals vary depending on experimental animals, metals and concentrations used. The most important factors which affect toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals by marine animals are the growth, sex, age and physiological condition of marine animals, salinity and temperature of sea water, chemical characteristics of metals and interaction among metals. Tolerance to heavy metals and detoxification of heavy metals are also important factors influencing toxicity of heavy metals to marine animals.3). The thesis outlines consequences of heavy metal pollution for marine animals and humans who consume these. I then describe the Clyde Sea area, its commercial importance and man-made contamination and the biology of an important commercial species the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus.4). Natural concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc in tissues of Nephrops norvegicus from the Clyde Sea area were highest in the hepatopancreas and gill, whereas mercury concentrations were found in highest levels in the gill and tail muscle. Iron concentrations were highest in the gill. Concentrations of metals showed variation among different months of the year with highest levels tending to occur during moult. Metal concentrations were also influenced by carapace length with pronounced size-related increases in mercury concentrations in the tail muscle and cadmium in the hepatopancreas. There were considerable differences in mean concentrations of some metals in the tissues of male and female Nephrops.5). Toxicity studies showed that organic and inorganic mercury, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc (0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 1, 1 and 2 mg 1"! respectively) were toxic to Nephrops norvegicus. At those concentrations toxicities ranged widely among the metals, the most toxic metals to the animals being organic mercury (100 % mortality in three days), inorganic mercury (100 % mortality in one week) and copper (100 % mortality in two weeks). The other metals did not cause 100 % mortality over a 30-day period.6). The non-essential metals (organic mercury, inorganic mercury, cadmium and lead) were accumulated by tissues of Nephrops norvegicus after exposure to sublethal concentrations of the metals dissolved in sea water for 30 days. The highest concentrations of both mercury compounds were accumulated in the gill tissue while the highest concentrations of cadmium were in the gill and hepatopancreas. Lead concentrations were highest in the gill and carapace. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of copper showed increases in copper concentrations in the carapace, gill, tail muscle and ovary, whereas there was no increase in the hepatopancreas and external eggs. Exposure to a sublethal concentration of zinc also showed increases in zinc concentrations of the carapace, hepatopancreas gill, and ovary, whereas there was no increase in the tail muscle and external eggs.7). There were differences in the accumulation of organic and inorganic mercury from sea water by tissues of Nephrops norvegicus. Except in the gill tissue, organic mercury was accumulated more than inorganic mercury. There were also sex related differences in the accumulation of the metals as male Nephrops accumulated higher concentrations of organic and inorganic mercury in the hepatopancreas than female Nephrops. Carapace length showed significant effects on metal accumulation as accumulation of both mercury compounds and cadmium was higher in the gills of smaller animals than that of larger animals. The adsorption of the metals onto the carapace surface was found to be very important in determining the metal concentrations of the carapace.8). Concentrations of mercury increased in all the tissues of Nephrops norvegicus after feeding with a food source containing high concentrations of cadmium and mercury. These increases in the tissues showed positive relationships with feeding rate. Cadmium concentrations increased only in the hepatopancreas. Cadmium concentrations in the hepatopancreas and carapace showed positive relationships with feeding rate. Concentrations of copper in the gill and tail muscle were increased after feeding, though none of the tissue copper concentrations showed a positive relationship with feeding rate. Zinc and iron concentrations in the tissues of Nephrops did not increase after feeding and, there was no positive relationship with feeding rate in any tissues.9). Distribution of mercury and cadmium in the gill, hepatopancreas and tail muscle of Nephrops norvegicus differed among treatments. Mercury burdens in control animals were mainly in the tail muscle. After feeding, the hepatopancreas and tail muscle shared the total mercury burdens. Organic and inorganic mercury distributions also varied among the tissues after uptake from sea water, with organic mercury being more evenly distributed among tissues than inorganic mercury, the latter being predominantly in the gill. Much of the cadmium burden was always in the hepatopancreas in all the three treatments. Assimilation of organic mercury from food by tissues was higher than assimilation of inorganic mercury.10). Characterization of ATPases such as total ATPase, Na,K-ATPase, total Mg-ATPase, oligomycin sensitive and insensitive Mg-ATPase in the gill of Nephrops norvegicus showed that maximum activities of the ATPases were in sodium, potassium, magnesium and ATP concentrations of 100, 20, 4 and 6 mmol H respectively. 1 mmol H ouabain inhibited 100 % Na,K-ATPase activity, while 100 % of oligomycin sensitive Mg-ATPase was inhibited in oligomycin concentration of 0.3 mmol H. The activities of the gill ATPases were maximum when temperature was at or near to 37 °C. Na,K-ATPase and oligomycin sensitive Mg-ATPase activities were more sensitive to temperature than oligomycin insensitive Mg-ATPase the latter being still active (50 %) at a temperature of 70 °C. Size of Nephropsshowed significant effects on the activities of gill ATPases as the activities of Na,K-ATPase and oligomycin sensitive Mg-ATPase had negative relationships with carapace length. Storage of the gills was found to reduced the activities of gill ATPases, even storage at -70 °C. The activities of the Na,K-ATPase (34 and 45 %) and oligomycin sensitive Mg-ATPase (31 % and 40 %) were reduced after one and two months storage at -70 °C, respectively.11). Control male Nephrops norvegicus showed higher activity of Na,K-ATPase than control female Nephrops norvegicus. After exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc dissolved in sea water, the activity of Na,K-ATPase was inhibited significantly in male animals by the metals but not in female animals. However, the activity of total Mg-ATPase was inhibited significantly in female animals, but not in male animals. There was no other significant alteration on the activity of ATPases after exposure to the metals. Na,K-ATPase activity had a negative relationship with gill copper in males, while this ATPase had positive relationships with cadmium and zinc concentrations in female animals.12). After exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium, copper and zinc, cadmium concentrations were increased significantly in the gill and hepatopancreas of both male and female Nephrops norvegicus in relation to increases in exposure concentrations. Concentrations of copper and zinc increased in the gills of male animals but not in female animals. In the hepatopancreas neither copper nor zinc showed any change in concentration with exposure in either sex suggesting regulation of these metals by Nephrops norvegicus.13). There were positive relationships between the concentrations of cadmium and metallothionein in both the gill and hepatopancreas of male and female Nephrops norvegicus. Copper concentrations in the hepatopancreas also showed a significant positive relationship with metallothionein in male animals but not in female animals. Ratios of cadmium in the metallothionein fraction of the hepatopancreas increased inboth male and female animals, while copper and zinc ratios did not change in the hepatopancreas of either sex.14). The activity of ATPases in the gill of male Nephrops norvegicus was determined from 10 stations in the Clyde Sea. Because many Nephrops norvegicus in the Clyde Sea were infected by a parasite (Hematodinium perezi), investigations were carried out by separating the animals as normal (blue blooded) and infected (white blooded). Activities of total ATPase, total Mg ATPase, Na,K-ATPase, oligomycin sensitive and insensitive Mg-ATPase were significantly affected by the infection namely white blooded animals had higher activities of the ATPases than normal animals. Stations also affected significantly the activities of the ATPases, except for oligomycin insensitive Mg-ATPase activity. All the ATPase activities had negative correlations with concentrations of copper and zinc in the blood.15). The blood colour, station and carapace length also affected some gill and blood parameters such as ion concentrations in the gill and blood, % gill water and blood osmolality in Nephrops norvegicus caught in 10 stations from the Clyde Sea. Blood copper and zinc concentrations were much lower in the white blooded animals than in normal animals.16). Concentrations of copper, zinc and metallothionein in the gill of Nephrops norvegicus caught in 11 stations from the Clyde Sea were found to be affected by the infection: namely infected animals had higher concentrations of metallothionein but showed lower copper concentrations. Conversely, cadmium concentrations were not affected by the infection but levels differed significantly among stations. The ratio of copper to metallothionein in the gill was reduced three times in the infected animals. Copper and metallothionein concentrations showed negative relationships, possibly resulting from independent effects of stress due to parasitic infection.
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