Optimizing the nitrogen supply of prairie organic agriculture with green manures and grazing
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 402215
- Danışmanlar: DR. MARTIN ENTZ
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Ziraat, Agriculture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2014
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: University of Manitoba
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 213
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
There is a need to design green manure systems that can supply optimum Nitrogen (N) to cash crops and that are compatible with intensive annual crop production. Grazing and no-till management in organic systems have been recently proposed tools to improve nutrient cycling and sustainability. From 2008 to 2012, a series of field experiments were conducted to i) identify green manure species and ii) green manure management options to maximize N benefit to following cash crops and explore the opportunities to reduce tillage during the green manure phase of an organic rotation. A total of four green manure systems (double-cropped green manures, relay-cropped green manures, full season green manures, and catch crops after grazed full season green manures), three green manure management options (soil incorporation, grazing and no-till), and 10 green manure species, as well as, three green manure mixtures were tested. Among the relay and double crops tested, relay-cropped red clover (Trifolium pratense) and double-cropped pea were the greatest biomass producers and N suppliers. Double-cropped pea (Pisum sativum cv. 40-10) and relay-cropped red clover produced around 900 kg ha-1 and 2000 kg ha-1 of dry matter biomass respectively. Overall, relay crops were more productive than the double crops. The greatest biomass producing full season green manures were hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), pea/oat (Avena sativa cv. Leggett) and sweet clover (Mellilotus officinalis cv. Norgold). Pea/oat and hairy vetch were the most weed competitive species and on verage contained less than 15% weed biomass. When averaged across three years, both green manure types produced around 5000 kg ha-1 of biomass. Among all the systems and managements tested, N availability was greatest when full season green manures were grazed. On average grazing increased soil NO3-N by 25% compared to soil incorporation using tillage. Among grazed species, pea/oat mix and hairy vetch green manures resulted in the greatest amount of soil available NO3-N. Higher availability of N after grazing of green manures did not increase wheat or fall rye yields compared to soil incorporation. However, grazing also did not decrease the productivity of two following grain crops grown after grazing of green manures. Therefore, in addition to the single benefit of soil fertility, an additional benefit from green manure was potential livestock productivity. The lowest N availability was observed when low green manure biomass was combined with no-till, such as in the case of double crop systems that resulted in low biomass productivity. The higher biomass production by clovers and pea in relay and double crop systems were effective at offsetting reduced tillage-induced N immobilization. Catch crops after grazing green manures, regardless of the species, significantly reduced N leaching risk compared to no catch crop treatment, but also reduced wheat productivity the following year. Catch crop biomass productivity and N uptake, soil NO3-N, and wheat productivity were similar in direct seeded and conventionally seeded plots. Grazing may be an effective tool in reducing tillage in organic agriculture because of its ability to accelerate the N mineralization from catch crop biomass. This study was the first study to use grazing as a management tool for green manures in organic systems. Results provide strong evidence that green manures, especially when grazed, can be effective nitrogen suppliers in organic grain-based rotations.
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