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Cross-border process of frequency restoration and the consequences on transmission network

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  1. Tez No: 402595
  2. Yazar: DORUK TUĞCU
  3. Danışmanlar: DR. J. E. S. DE HAAN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Enerji, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Energy
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 2014
  8. Dil: İngilizce
  9. Üniversite: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
  10. Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 81

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Özet (Çeviri)

For 2020, it is estimated that renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind and solar will be responsible for 40% of the electricity generation within the Continental European power system. However, higher levels of RES penetration in electricity generation would create more power imbalances and frequency deviations due to decrease in system inertia and limited predictability of these sources, resulting in the necessity of increased activation of reserves, both in number and size. In order to deal in future with these consequences meanwhile still providing operational security, Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are investigating new ways to procure additional reserves, maintaining cost-efficiency and prevent deterioration of frequency quality (restricted amount of minutes outside certain frequency bands) per synchronous area. Possible solutions are the cross-border processes of frequency restoration such as the imbalance netting (ACE-netting) process and the exchange of manually-activated Frequency Restoration Reserves (mFRRs), proposed by the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). Imbalance netting prevents the counter-activation of reserves (simultaneous activation of upward and downward reserves) between load-frequency control blocks (LFC-blocks), while exchanging reserves (currently manually-activated FRRs but also automatically-activated FRRs in near future) enable TSOs to procure additional reserve as well as utilize deployment reserves following larger merit order list by combining possible cheaper reserves from other LFC-blocks. These two processes (imbalance netting + exchange of manually-activated FRRs) are aimed to increase operational security, decrease balancing costs by deploying less reserves, and to deploy reserves based on a larger balancing pool merit order list. In this concept, German Grid Control Cooperation (GCC), which is originally formed by three German TSOs, is created to implement these processes to financially optimize the procurement and deployment of reserves as well as performing joint dimensioning of reserves to maintain operational security. Due to its success, GCC was expanded to the forth German TSOs. With the extension to Denmark, the International Grid Control Cooperation (IGCC) was formed and in date further extended to adjacent international LFC-blocks of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Czech Republic, and Austria. Currently, only imbalance netting is performed between international TSOs in IGCC, however, also the exchange of manually-activated reserves between TSOs is planned to be implemented in near future. However, these cross-border processes of frequency restoration might lead to additional flows on the cross-border interconnectors of LFC-blocks and consequently might result in network congestion if network capacity is not reserved. As a result, currently these processes are performed opportunity based only if network capacity is available at real time operation after the market gate closed. Consequently, the full potential of these processes can't be realized. Therefore, in future to use the full potential of imbalance netting and when firm reserve capacity is intended to be exchanged and shared, these cross-border processes of frequency restoration will be performed permanently. However, without implicit reservation of network capacity, the network will be disrespected, initiating potential threats and it might create the risk of degradation of system states. This implies that the system is not operating in a N-1 secure way and therefore might jeopardize operational security. In order to show the effect of this problem, this research exemplifies certain cases of power imbalances in order to compare classical load-frequency system (LFC system), where remedial actions are taken locally, and cross-border process of frequency restoration without implicit reservation of transmission capacity. Without reservation of network capacity, potential threats might create the risk of degradation of system states which put the system into an N-1 unsecure system operation. Moreover, the cross-border process of frequency restoration could cause larger volumes of transit flows throughout out the Continental European transmission network, which could increase the risk of degradation of state of operation of TSOs even more. As a result, it was undefined until this research if the additional balancing flows (which are expected to become structural) can be dealt within the currently defined limits of N-1 secure network operations. In order to clarify these problems, this research focused on two main research topics. First, introduction of a Balance Transmission Margin (BTM) to provide TSOs permanently access to guaranteed cross-zonal capacity to structurally perform the cross-border process of frequency restoration and to safely assign associated uncertainties without disrespecting network constraints. This implicit reservation of transmission capacity based on BTM enables TSOs to keep the system in N-1 secure during cross-border processes of frequency restoration. Secondly, the impact on cross-zonal connections of the pool size extension of coordinated balancing areas, performing the cross-border process of frequency restoration is investigated. Balance Transmission Margin (BTM) would keep TSOs operating in N-1 secure condition while preventing degradation of system states. BTM will have two components: distributed imbalance component, which will assign for the expected interface loading for the intended exchange of balancing energy due to a certain generation shift key (GSK) of LFC-blocks that reflects power imbalances such as stochastic forecast errors and deterministic power imbalances. These power imbalances are generally spread over the entire LFC-block. The second component is the concentrated imbalance component. It will address the loading caused by power imbalances which are experienced locally and represent e.g. an incident and these imbalances are not spread over the LFC-block. In order to deterministically assess the additional flows due to the cross-border process of frequency restoration and to illustrate the quantification of a BTM value per border per LFC-block, various balancing transactions are needed to be simulated. Therefore, a nodal power flow model of the interconnected transmission network of Continental Europe is developed. It is strongly based on the nodal model developed by Energynautics and optimized and verified with the zonal power flow model developed by the European Wind Integration Study (EWIS). Then this research is focused on LFC-blocks of Central-West Europe and a case study is introduced, in which IGCC countries Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Austria are selected as the pool members of a coordinated balancing area. Different analyses are needed to be performed in order to fully assess the additional loading per border and per LFC-block. Therefore, two different analyses are performed, the so-called relative analysis and the absolute analysis. The former depicts results based on equated transactions (1 p.u.) for all participating LFC-blocks. Results therefore show in particular the effect of the topology of the Continental European network as a function of orientation and connection of LFC-blocks within the interconnected network. Based on the particular network conditions per LFC-block, these are affected accordingly. The absolute analysis investigates the current situation in IGCC, where the peak capacity participation in terms of balancing energy is different for each country based on the maximum permissible exchange of balancing energy. It shows the effect of LFC-block sizes and neighboring LFC-areas and the result on transmission flows such as import, export and transits. Apart from the relative and absolute analysis, different transaction scenarios are also simulated to make a distinction between different types of power imbalances. For example, in evenly-evenly distributed simulations, power injection and withdrawal is evenly distributed to all indicated nodes within the LFC-block, which will represent dispersed imbalances such as stochastic forecast errors dispersed all over the area. Single node-evenly distributed simulations represent local imbalances in which a single loss of generation is experienced due an incident. In these simulations, a single node will account for all power withdrawal within a LFC-block, and within another LFC-block all nodes remain accounted for the evenly distribution of points of injection to represent the activation of reserves. Finally, two cases are investigated where multiple countries are participating simultaneously in balancing transactions taking into consideration the maximum permissible exchange values. The results show the total expected network loading for dispersed power imbalances at moments when there is a peak exchange within the system. According to the research of expected network loading for different types of power imbalances and different types of balancing arrangements, TSOs could deterministically determine the needed BTMs per border in order to provide permanently access to guaranteed cross-zonal capacity to structurally perform the cross-border process of frequency restoration. However, additional balancing flows shouldn't be the only aspect of determining certain values of BTM for TSOs. The capacity to be allocated to TSOs for cross-border balancing purposes should be kept to a minimum not to waist capacity which could have been used for market parties. In order to adequately consider values for BTMs, TSOs could evaluate the probability of the exchanges that cause highest loadings on borders in terms of frequency (how many times these exchanges occur in a year) and duration (how long these exchanges continue) according to historical data. Moreover, TSOs should also consider financial aspects of BTM and compare benefits of BTM due to savings in use of reserves, and drawbacks of it due to restraining market access to capacity, to adequately determine a certain BTM value. These analyses can be done in future work. With the ongoing development of LFC-block joining current coordinated balancing areas, the consequences of pool size extension of coordinated balancing areas and the additional loadings on cross-border connections area assessed. Therefore, different sizes of coordinated balancing areas are investigated, with a case study extension towards France and Italy. Similarly to the previous assessments, analyses are performed for both relative and absolute analysis and for both evenly distributed simulations and an example case with multiple countries are participated in transactions.

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