Tarihsel konut yapıları ve yerleşmelerinin günümüze kazandırılması ve buma yönelik çözümlerin değerlendirilmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 46293
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. UĞUR ERKMAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 76
Özet
ÖZET Geçmişten günümüze ulaşmış olan tarihsel konut yapıları ve yerleşmeleri, geçmiş yaşamları yansıtmaları açısından kültürel mirasımızın önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Gündelik hayatımızın bir parçası olan konutlar aynı zamanda gündelik hayatları anlamamıza yardımcı en iyi unsurlardır. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde konutlar ve içlerinde gerçekleştirilen eylemler ve eylemlerin gerçekleştirilme şekillerinde çeşitli değişiklikler olmuştur. Konut içi eylemler kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarına yönelik ve bu ihtiyaçları karşılamak amacı ile gerçekleştirilen mekanlarda yer alırlar. Ancak günümüzde konut içinde yer alan ve kullanıcıların bir takım temel ihtiyaçlarına yönelik bazı alanlar, tarihsel konut yapılarının bir kısmında, o zamanki imkanların yetersizliğinden dolayı, bu konutlar içerisinde gerçekleştirilemiyordu. Teknolojik gelişmeler sonucunda hızla değişen yaşam biçimi, geçmişe oranla farklı ihtiyaçları beraberinde getirirken, benzer ihtiyaçlar için de değişik çözüm yolları üretilmiştir. Değişen ihtiyaçlar ve ihtiyaçların çözüm yolları, bu ihtiyaçların yaşadığımız mekanlar olan konutlarımızda çözülüyor ve karşılanıyor olma gerekliliğini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Tarihsel konut yapıları ve yerleşmeleri günümüz konut yapılarından farklı şekilde üretilmiş ve farklı toplumların farklı yaşam biçimlerinden kaynaklanan ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya yönelik olarak yapılmış konutlardır. Ancak günümüzde değişen yaşam biçiminin etkisiyle tarihsel konut yapıları günümüz kullanıcı ihtiyaçlarını karşılamakta yetersiz kalmaktadır. Tarihsel konut yapılarının yaşatılması ve sağlıklı bir şekilde kullanımının sağlanabilmesi için günümüz yaşam biçiminin getirdiği ihtiyaçların bu konutlarda da karşılanabiliyor olması gerekmektedir. Ülkemizde tarihsel konut yapılarının yer aldığı yerleşmeler, bu konutların ihtiyaçları karşılamaması ve müdahalelerin zaman zaman imkansızlığından dolayı genellikle köhneleşmiş, terkedilmiş veya sağlıksız bir şekilde kullanılmaktadırlar. Bu konutlara günümüz ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan eklerin yapılması ile, konutların sağlıklı kullanımı sağlanabilecektir. Assos-Behramkale Köyü 'de ülkemizde yer alan tarihsel konut ve yerleşmelerine örnek teşkil etmektedir. Tez kapsamında günümüz ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya yönelik yapılması öngörülen eklerin nasıl olabileceği Behramkale evlerinde örneklendirilmiştir. vıı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY USING THE HISTORICAL HOUSES AND SETTLEMENTS IN TODAY 'S CONDITIONS AND REALIZING THE SOLUTIONS OF USING THESE SETTLEMENTS Settlements of the past, which are a part of our cultural heritage are an important point of interest of the today 's architects. These historical houses and settlements represent the social structure and the culture of societies in which period they were built. Technological developments cause changes in the way of life and also these changes affect the places that we are living in. The differences between societies affect the form and the solution of the houses, but today this affect becomes lesser than in the past because of the communicational occasions between different societies. This causes common solutions according to our needs in the houses which are the places we are living in. After people got settled down in the countries, they began to increase and civilize. In this period they produce the things which they need for living. They also produce architectural places in which they were going to live. These places, which were produced by special affects of the societies were differing from societies to societies because of the different effects of them. Culture takes place in the vocabulary of various interest areas such as, science, art, history and etc. This causes difficulty in expressing culture as a concept and because of this difficulty and variety of usage, there are lots of terms about concept of culture. Culture consists of some elements which can be shortly ranged as : language, writing, science, clothing, art and settlement. We can easily say that the way of life being a characteristic of societies is also a characteristic of a person himself. By the contionous interchanging of a person and the society, the two of them effects eachother. vinWe can easily recognize the difference between preferences in the following example that Rapoport gives :“ The unsociable Englishman prefers to live near his work even if he has to walk miles to visit his neighbours, his pub or his chapel. The social Greek prefers to live in a crowded village among his friends and his cafe, even though he may have to walk miles to till his fields or trim his vines, and I think the prehistoric Cretan was like him. ”We might say that with Vidal de la Blache that“ nature prepares the site and man organizes it to enable him to satisfy his desires & his needs. ”In one sense the effect of site is cultural rather than physical, since the ideal site depends on the goals, ideals and values of a people or period, and choice of the“ good ”site whether lake, river, mountain, or coats - depends on this cultural definition. A person needs a shelter which will protect him from the external effects, but being social makes him to cooperate with others in other words this shelter does not abstract him from his environment. A person doesn 't live alone, he 's got a family and neighbours. When he is living in his house, he also lives together with other people in the place which surrounds his house. This makes up the concept of“ Physical Environment ”. A group of people which live on the same land together, have got a common crop and take part together for living and realizing their many basic benefits is called society. Man, effects the place that he is living in by the directions of some factors that exits in his environment. The atmosphere of the place that people living in is a result of way of life of them.“ Physical Environment ”reflects the society 's economic and political life structure, technological possibilities, cultural and social tendencies. The characteristics of societies affects way of life and the way of life affects the places that we are living in. According to this we can say that, the place where we are living in reflects our way of life. Different characteristicts of societies also means different way of life, but way of life doesn 't only affected from societies, it is also affected from the characteristics of natural environment. Natural environment affects people that are settled down in it and these affected people build their man - made environment. IXTecnology, economic systems, social institutions in a word, culture are the social factors that, together with natural factors ( such as microclimate, soil and bodies of water ) shape the patterns of human settlements. The wide difference in the residential typologies of human habitats indicates that local conditions impose heavy constraints on people : microclimate, defense, construction materials and topography account for the majority of the differences among habitat typologies. The morphology of traditional settlements has its roots in the physical characteristics of a site as they interface with the requirements of the social group. The key morphological factors can be grouped into four sets based on 1) the way in which nature and man - made features satisfy needs for protection and defense; 2) the way in which the physical and economic landscape allows for communication with other regions; 3) the way in which the topograpy of a site suggests the construction of a human settlement and 4) the way in which climate leads to building solutions adapted to it. These four sets combine in various ways to explain major settlement typologies, land uses, densities, distrubitions, sistematic organizations and growth and change characteristics. Their influence on community is not merely utilitarion; it is both cultural and spiritual. After the industrial revolution, cities began to change very rapidly. The production manner has changed and by affect of this new societies were occured. As a result the way of life has changed. This changing in the way of life brougt different needs together. In the past people were affected from traditions more than they are effected today. Today, by the help of the communicational facilities every event can be learned by everyone in the world and everyone can easily get the knowledge what others do and how they do it. This brings common solutions to the problems, but social characteristics of the societies also effect the solutions. Changing way of life also brings different needs together and these needs could be solved in our houses. The following are some of the more important aspects of the genre de vie which affect built form : 1. some basic needs 2. family 3. position of women 4. privacy 5. social intercourse The needs of users can be explained as, the conditions that must be obtained to execute functions of users in an optimum way.If there is a change in the way of life, this causes a change in the needs of users and this brings the revision of the needs. At this point we must evaluate clasifications about user's needs. Some needs in the clasifications of user's needs couldn't be changed, but some could be change accoding to the situations and time. These changes in the user's needs must be evaluated in the places that we are living in. The house is an institution, not just a structure, created for a complex set of purposes. Because building a house is a cultural phenomenon, its form and organization are greatly influnced by the culturel milieu to which it belongs. If provision of the house, then its possitive purpose is the creation of an environment best suited to the way of life of a people - in otheer words a social unit of space. People with very different attitudes and ideals respond to varied phsical environments. These responses vary from place to place because of changes and differences in the interplay of social, cultural, ritual, economic and phsical factors. These factors and responses may also change gradually in the same place with the passage of time ; however lack of rapid change and persistence of form are characteristic of primitive and vernacular dwellings. All housing needs to achieve four objectives in order to be succesful : 1. It needs to be socially and culturally valid. ( Here traditional housing possibly works best ) 2. It should be sufficently economical to ensure that the greatest number can afford it. ( In primitive and vernacular context most, if not all, people have houses ) 3. It should ensure the maintenance of the health of the occupants. ( In relation to climate traditional housing succeeds, in relation to sanitation and parasites it usually fails ) 4. There should be a minimum of maintenance over the life of the building. ( Here the evidence is equivocal ) Historical houses and settlements must be protected and this could happen if we can use them. We can adaptate them new functions, they can be used as hotels and etc. But if we want to use them as houses, the changing needs should be solved in this houses. This brings the need of some additions, these additions can be solved inside the house, but sometimes it is impossible to solve this inside the houses. In this position these additions have to be solved outside of the house. XIAssos - Behramkale village is a historical settlement on the northern shore of the Gulf of Edremit. The site has been inhabited since ancient times, and the new and the old are now inextricably interwined. Everthing in Behramkale is built of the same grey stone - the streets, the courtyards and the houses themselves - except for a few buildings constructed in a yellow stone brought to village from quite a considerable distance, and lending colour and variety to the scene. Most old houses in Behramkale are very small and don't have enough place to solve today's user's needs in them. This brings an obligation of solving these functions outside of the houses. In this thesis, it is tried to be explained how historical houses and settlements can stay alive and why we need such a thing. Behramkale was selected as being an old settlement and having houses which are not enough to evaluate the needs of today's user's. It is said that in some houses in Behramkale we need to make some additions to the houses. This is tried to be given by the alternatives. According to the characteristics of houses the alternatives are given and for these alternatives some examples were created. As a conclusion, we can say that historical houses and settlements couldn' t affort the needs of today's user's and if we want to save these setlements and continue their livings we must solve the problems about user's needs. If we do this these houses can long for years and people will stay in them comfortly. XII
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