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Farklı tekerrür periyodlarının maliyet üzerine etkisinin CBS ortamında incelenmesi

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 55546
  2. Yazar: İBRAHİM YİĞİT
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. HASAN ZUHURİ SARIKAYA
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1996
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 76

Özet

ÖZET Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden (CBS) Kent Bilgi Sisteminde altyapı faaliyetlerinde uygulama alanı olan yağmursuyu şebeke analizinin örnek bir GIS (Geographical Information System) yazılımında nasıl yapılacağını sunmak olup, şebeke boyutlandırılmasında göz önünde bulundurulan önemli faktörlerden farklı tekerrür periyodlarının maliyet üzerine etkisinin CBS ortamında incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda, yararlanılan yazılımında grafik ortam ile grafik olmayan ortama ait bilgilerin ilişiklendirilmesi, veri tabanı bileşenlerinin tanımlanması yapılarak yazılımın eksiklerini belirlenmiş ve henüz Türkiye'de yeni yerleşmeye başlayan bu bilgi sistemiyle ilgilenecek olan altyapı kuruluşlarına yardımcı olmak, katkıda bulunmak açısından önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Yapılan bu çalışma beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm; konunun girişini teşkil etmekte olup, çalışmanın amacını özetlemektedir. İkinci bölüm Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri'nin -genel bir ön bilgi sunmak bakımından- tanımı, tarihçesi, önemi v.b gibi kavramsal temel bilgileri içermektedir. Üçüncü bölüm İSKİ Genel Müdürlüğü'nde faaliyetlerini sürdüren GIS bölümündeki örnek bir yağmursuyu şebeke CBS yazılımının incelenmesini ve İSKİ'nin onayladığı“ Ömerli ve Elmalı Koruma Projesi ”kapsamındaki yağmursuyu projelerinin verilerini kullanarak; yağmursuyu boyutlandırmaşının temelini teşkil eden farklı süre-şiddet-verim eğrilerinin yazılıma nasıl aktarıldığını ve kullanılan veri tabanı tiplerinin tanıtımını kapsamaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde farklı tekerrür sürelerine göre boyutlandırılmış olan bölgelerin sonucunda elde edilen maliyet analizlerinin değerlendirmesi yer almaktadır. Son bölüm olan beşinci bölümde de sonuçlar ve öneriler sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. IX

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF THE COST EFFECTS OF THE DESIGN STORM RETURN PERIODS APPLYING GIS The primary aim of this study is to present how storm water network analyses could be solved within GIS (Geographical Information Systems) in Urban Data System and analyze cost effects of different intensity - duration - frequency curves in storm water network design in a GIS storm water software. On this point of view using the example GIS software, relations between graphic and non-graphic data, element database structures and cost comparisons have been defined. After that, in order to help and give an idea to the foundations interested in infrastructure, suggestions have been made. This study consists of five main chapters. The first chapter contains an overview of the study. Here it is tried to be explained aims and GIS technology briefly. The second chapter contains GIS itself, showing and presenting the meaning, history, importance and benefits of GIS in detail. At the end of the chapter with benefits, cost comparison between GIS and classical methods are defined. The third one deals how storm water design parameters and factors could be applied to a GIS software. In this chapter especially the graphic and non-graphic parts of software - in parallel with GIS - by explaining the database file structures are showed and both flexibility and deficiency of the program is brought to light. In the fourth chapter an application on the preselected GIS software, using different intensity - duration - frequency curves, effects on cost are presented not only by giving total cumulative costs, but also unit costs of flow to pipe length, catchment area etc.. In the final chapter results together with suggestions have been presented.For the human being maybe the most important quantity is time and taking it under control. In order to practise this situation into life time, required data related to things should be collected systematically and be presented in order to be used efficiently. In this way, at the end reaching the data will become fast, easy and without in trouble. Coming to the point above, some certain equipments or devices should be active and in session. Technology or computer technology in this subject is an important and efficient device not only in data area, but also in increasing life standards in order to take full advantage of time. Since the 1950's administration in different areas have increasingly been managed by computer based systems. In the 1970's and 1980's the use of graphic presentation of analysis and calculations commenced. Thereby, technical fields within engineering started to use computer based information systems where drawings and other graphic presentations formed a vital part. In this concept if surveying for education structure of developed countries are made, it will be seen that wasting time in reaching the required data, has begun to decline and minimized. In our country this structure has not been constituted yet but it is encouraging that both public and private utilities are interested and some many began working in this area. And maybe the biggest advantage is to be able to search and have an idea, how GIS has been established in other developed countries and how similar applications could be revised by taking the different conditions into consideration. In this concept for civil, sanitary and environmental engineering especially for infrastructure elements, because they are buried underground, for the related utilities it is extremely vital to get, collect, store and manipulate data. GIS applications interfere to the subject at this point and getting benefit from them are becoming worldwide. From this idea, in the study to determine cost effects of application of different intensity - duration - frequency curves in GIS, and give an idea how project settings adapted into GIS and showing advantages with disadvantages between GIS and classical methods, a GIS software has been selected. At the end aimed results have been achieved to. These are: * In our country storm water drainage network design and analyses are still being done in a classical way which means manually or with the help of small programs. At first this situation may seem natural without thinking the time factor, especially in areas that have small storm water catchment boundaries. When big catchment areas are come crossed, it becomes extremely difficult to develop different kinds of scenarios simultaneously, thereby in the calculation period percentage of spending time begins to increase. * In storm water design and calculations the most important factor iş intensity - duration - frequency curves. When Istanbul is thought; the period for has been determined by İSKİ as 3 years, but this frequency could be changed as 5 and 10 years because of the implementation that appears in other cities in the world. To procure, a cost analyze should be applied for different scenarios which will include different return periods. Not only calculation of costs, but also getting results will xitake much more time manually. Therefore here a faster and reliable way should interfere and it is called from 1980's GIS applications. * In the study made, using the existing data; in the project named“Ömerli and Elmalı Environmental Protection Project”which has been finalized for İSKİ, from different periods of intensity - duration - frequency curves are selected and cost analyses have been finished in an incredible short time. In the project from 6 big storm water catchment areas, 3 are chosen. These are Yukarı Dudullu, Şamandıra and Doğu Sultanbeyli. Total area for 3 catchments is 2279 ha. 9 scenarios have been made by applying 2, 5 and 10 year frequencies in the defined areas. Because data related to the project had been delivered both graphic and non-graphic to İSKİ in digital form, changes and revisions using different criteria (inlet time, velocity and etc..) in the software can be obtained in a short time. * By the help of digital maps, digitizing manholes, pipes and catchment areas in the software approximately %70 of the work is completed because while elements are being created according to the required conditions, both graphic and non-graphic data related to the objects are being created simultaneously. For example manhole cover level, run off (c) coefficient, coefficients of the intensity - duration -frequency curves etc.. After that the only work comes to final calculations that, this part is not so in trouble as digitizing the elements. Draft and final longitudinal profiles and reports can be obtained easily after the calculation step. In the study, same way has been followed in applying 2, 5 and 10 year frequencies. To adapt the periods to the software, equation for the required intensity-duration - frequency curve and its coefficients should be known. The fixed coefficients are defined into the related database file called“criteria database file”and this was enough to calculate both amount of storm water flow and dimension the network system. * As explained above, preparing, analysing and updating projects like infrastructure elements, can be done much faster and reliable compared to classical methods. For this, the utilities should make noticeable changes in their project tender documents. For instance applications, projects and all documents can be delivered to them in digital form in parallel to the software and hardware systems established or that will be within themselves. In this connection, not only to archive data but also control and updating the applications will come to agenda. * If information systems in the developed countries are examined, it will be seen that utilities deal with infrastructure elements, take full advantage of GIS applications. * Utilities responsible for infrastructure in big cities as Istanbul are hurrying to offer attend to its citizens and unfortunately at the end a chaos is formed naturally because generally these utilities don't give enough importance to coordination and data transfer or sharing data. Then result becomes obvious as wasting money. Solution to prevent this laciness it must be handled within GIS or/and Urban Data xiiSystem, in the end without bureaucracy barrier, data will be able to be transferred without in trouble and data related for existing and planned elements are in sight. To form this kind of structure a common database should be examined and planned seriously among the infrastructure utilities. * With this organization, data belonging to elements will be able to be associated with other data and required query combinations, statistical analyses may be obtained. * When GIS is handled in the view of environmental engineering, not only in infrastructure and superstructure, but also in environmental modelling it has a significant and wide application zone. Especially by the data available from satellites, with remote sensing; water, soil and air pollution modelling can be set accurately. * To obtain benefit-cost analyses for the infrastructure, this is only possible by applying different scenarios using different criteria. Because time is a limiting factor for this relations between costs and benefits can be supplied by using GIS applications. And in this study applying different intensity-duration-frequency periods in three storm water catchment areas cost comparisons and analyses have been made. At the end consistent results are achieved to. * For the studied areas, according to cost results as amount of collected storm water flow increases, total costs for collecting the flow also increases. In periods from 2 year to 3, 3 year to 5 and 5 to 10 year frequency, increase in total amount of flow is calculated as %29, %25 and %25 respectively. For the total cumulative costs, increase rate is realized much less and again in the same period queue, total cumulative costs increased by %20, %23 and %18 respectively. When the same situation is examined for the unit costs for total cumulative cost versus total amount of collected flow, as total amount of collected flow (ltsn) increases, unit cost for collecting storm water decreases ($/lt.sn). The observed result is similar for the treatment plants that, increase in flow will decrease the unit treatment cost versus total flow. * In order to find out and take advantages of benefit/cost ratio results, besides this study, for different intensity-duration-frequency periods if risk analyses with costs are included, the results will be more efficient. Especially in cities like Istanbul that has an extremely importance in industry, transportation etc, storm water design and analyses should be done carefully. As examined in literature, design for 5 and 10 year frequency are being adapted in many important and big cities. For this, beside 3 year frequency adaption in Istanbul, 5 and 10 year frequencies should be taken into consideration with benefit/costs analyses in order to detect the optimum frequency year. * The storm water GIS software use in this study seems to be ideal for both xiiidata collection and make scenarios by changing criteria for storm water design and analyses. Because it has been seen that, changing the criteria settings in the software is very flexible and easy. At the end changes made in both graphic and non-graphic environment occur simultaneously. But the queries which is an important part of GIS, are not adequate for sorting and other required types in the software. By selecting the required elements or elements in an area, according to pipe dimension, construction year, excavation depth of manholes some queries exist; however elements that have been resulted from the queries can not be shown on the screen as in the form of shading, patterning or lightening. Also in storm water calculations because of the importance in optimizing frequency for big cities, benefit / cost relations must be included within the software. In this way more effective design and applications will be offered. * From the point view of the items explained above, transferring and examining data related to infrastructure and the other structures into GIS, will bring to a point of fast and effective work routine. The main advantages of the GIS applications can be sorted as: Common usage (share) of data, Reaching data faster, Increase in productivity and utility, Proper usage of time, Minimizing cost. To provide all these obvious benefits it is extremely important to have a district strategy for the foundations that will be included into GIS environment. Because it should not be expected of getting the results and advantages of GIS too early as in the first and second year. Generally to reach to the payback point, approximately five year passes; that shows the advantages will be appearing at the beginning of sixth year including earning money. All the observations and examinations bring the subject to a point that, in order to take full advantages of using and updating data, utilities related to GIS should interfere into this system which is accepted worldwide and to be successful they should spare time, money and personnel from their investments both for investigation and application. xiv

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