Pencerelere uygulanan gölgeleme araçlarının tasarımında iklimsel ve görsel konfor koşullarının sağlanması amacıyla kullanılabilecek bir yaklaşım
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55656
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. MEHMET Ş. KÜÇÜKDOĞU
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 124
Özet
ÖZET Enen i tüketiminin ve enerji harcamalarının minimize edilebilmesi amacıyla, binalarını iklim ve ışık kontrolü açılarından optimal performans gösteren pasif ısıtma iklimlendirme ve doğal aydınlatma sistemleri olarak tasarlanmaları gerekmektedir. Yılın“gölge istenen dönem”olarak adlandırılan dönemi boyunca hacimlerde oluşabilecek is tenmeyen ısı kazançlarına engel olmak amacıyla pencerelere gölgeleme araçları uygulanması ile, binanın pasif sistem olarak göstereceği performans arttırılarak, iki imlendirme sisteminin yükü azaltabilmektedir. Pencerelere uygulanan gölgeleme araçları, hacimlere direkt güneş ışığının girmesini önleyerek, kullanıcılarda kamaşma oluşmasına engel olmakta ve iklimsel konforun yanı sıra, görsel konforunda sağlanmasında etkili olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, pencerelere uygulanan gölgeleme araçlarının iklimsel ve görsel açılardan gösterecekleri performansı maksimize ederek enerji korunumu sağlanmasını amaçlayan yeni bir yaklaşım önerilmektedir. Gölgeleme aracı uygulanan pencereler aracılığıyla aydınlatılan hacimlerde gerçekleşen iç aydınlık düzeylerinin hesaplanmasında Ortalama Gök Modeli kullanılmıştır; önerilen yaklaşım, ele alınan değişkenlere bağlı olarak tüm uy gulamalarda kullanılabilir niteliktedir. Bu çalışmada, yaklaşımın İstanbul yöresine uygulanması ile el de edilen sonuçlar grafiklerle ifade edilmiş ve bu yöre için yönlere bağlı olarak iklimsel ve görsel açılardan optimum koşulları sağlayan gölgeleme aracı seçenekleri belirlenmiştir. xv
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY A NEW APPROACH FOR DESIGNING THE SHADING DEVICES FROM THE CLIMATIC AND VISUAL COMFORT POTNTS OF VIEW Chapter 1 Artificial heating, climatization and illumination of buildings consume a significant amount of the available energy sources. In order to minimize energy consumption and energy cost, buildings should be designed for optimal passive heating, passive climatization and daylighting systems. These systems provide the required indoor cli matic and visual conditions by means of minimum artificial heating, climatization and illumination energy. Shading devices are needed to prevent the undesirable heat gain through windows during the“over heated, period”. Consequently, the climatic comfort conditions will be provided by minimizing the air conditioning load. At the same time, shading devices prevent glare by obstructing the direct entry of the sunlight through the windows. Therefore the visual comfort conditions, besides the climatic comfort conditions in rooms can be provided by designing shading devices for windows. Fixed shading devices mounted to windows reduce the entrance of daylight to the rooms, and they increase the load of the illumination system through out the year. However, an optimal solution among the shading device alternatives, which maximizes the daylight entrance to the rooms and keeps the daylight glare index between the allowable limits, can be determined. Chapter 2 In this chapter the shading device alternatives are explained, which can be used to provide the climatic and visual comfort condi tions in rooms, controlling the thermal and visual effects of direct solar radiation. The shading devices designed for windows can be classified as follows: - Type of device horizontal vertical eggcrate - Mode of operation fixed adjustable (manually operated, mechanically operated) retractable - Single or multi elements xvi- Surface properties plain convex concav opaque opaque-reflective translucent - Location in the window wall internal inside glazing external - Normal to the wall, inclined to the wall. - Attached to or integrated with the building, detached to or sepa rated from the building. Shading devices evaluated in this study are all external fixed types with single or multi elements, normal or inclined to the wall and integrated with the building. Chapter 3 This chapter deals with the influence of the shading devices on the comfort conditions. First of all some basic information about the solar radiation is given. Solar radiation reaches to the earth as direct and diffuse radiation and is affected from the following factors: - Astronomic factors solar constant declination of the sun time angle - Geographic factors latitude longitude height from the sea level - Geometric factors solar altitude angle solar azimuth angle - Meteorologic factors turbidity of the atmosphere sunshine probability and cloudiness xvnSolar radiation on inclined surfaces of any orientation con sists of three components: direct, diffuse and reflected radiation. Shading devices affect the climatic comfort conditions positively, preventing the undesirable heat gains through the windows caused by direct radiation, during the overheated period. Visual comfort conditions (illumination level, luminance and color), which are also affected by shading devices are evaluated seperately. The influence of shading devices on the illumination level of rooms, must be evaluated for the two periods of the year. - Overheated period: Since the shading devices are designed especially for this period of the year, direct sunlight should not enter the room. - Underheated period: Fixed shading devices, which are dimen sioned according to the critical solar altitude and azimuth angles of the overheated period, can allow direct sunlight into the rooms. The allowance of the direct sunlight through the windows depends on the orientation of the window, the sun position at the time under consideration and the dimensions of the shading devices. The hori zontal, vertical and eggcrate types are evaluated, considering the form and surface properties. Shading devices prevent glare, because they reduce the lumi nance of the window by obstructing the skylight besides the direct sunlight. But in the underheated period direct sunlight with low incident angles can sometimes enter into the rooms, depending on the direction and sun position. This situation causes glare sensation of maximum level. Colour changes by reflected light can occur in the rooms ac cording to the surface colours of shading devices. The above mentioned factors must be considered in designing the shading devices from the climatic and visual comfort points of view. Chapter 4 This chapter covers the methods, which are developed to con trol the thermal and visual effects of the sun. These methods are classified as follows: 1) Methods which analyze shading devices from the thermal com fort point of view 2) Methods which analyze shading devices from the visual com fort point of view - xvm3) Methods which analyze shading devices from the thermal and visual comfort points of view By examining above mentioned methods it becomes clearly obvi ous, that a new approach, in“shading device design”which consider the shading devices from the climatic and visual comfort points of view, must be developed. Chapter 5 This chapter sets principals of a new approach which can be used for designing the shading devices from the climatic and visual comfort points of view. The purpose and the main steps of the new approach are examined in details. This approach consists of the following steps: - Assumptions related to the room and window properties:. room dimensions. reflectivities of internal surfaces. transparency ratio. window height. window width. correction factors for the window. form and location of the window. location of the reference point. direction of the window. - Preparation of the proper shading device proposals from the climatic comfort point of view:. determination of the overheated period. determination of the daily and yearly shading period by depending on the function of the room. determination of the critical sun angles for design. determination of the physical properties of the shading device. type. number of elements. dimensions. inclination. surface reflectivities. - Determination of the design day and hour. - Determination of the sky model and calculation of the exter nal horizontal illumination level. - Calculation of the internal illumination level at the refer ence point (EG). Clear sky component of the internal illumination level (AGOK) - xix -. Overcast sky component of the internal illumination level (KGOK). Direct sunlight component of the internal illumination level (GUNE). Reflected component of the internal illumination level from the internal surfaces (TYB). Reflected component of the internal illumination level from the surfaces of the shading device (ELEM). The internal illumination level at the reference point is the total value of the above mentioned components, which are determined according to the Average Sky Model : EG = AGOK + KGOK + GUNE + IYB + ELEM - Calculation of the daylight glare index at the reference point (DGI). - Determination of the optimum shading device solutions from the climatic and visual comfort points of view. In this section the evaluation process for determining the optimum solution that provides the maximum internal illumination level (EG) and the allowable daylight glare index (DGI) at the refer ence point is explained. Chapter 6 This chapter covers both the application of the new approach to Istanbul region; and the results of this application. This ap proach is applied to rooms with different directions of NE, E, SE, S, SW, W and NW and the results are expressed in graphs (Fig. 6.1-6.1.4). (EG) and (DGI) values of the optimum solutions according to the direction of the rooms are represented in Fig. 6.15-6.16. By comparing these values with the values of an unobstructed window; it is clearly obvious that (EG) values can be maximized and (DGI) values can be kept in the allowable limits by the design of shading devices consciously. Consequently, the visual comfort conditions besides the climatic comfort conditions in rooms can be provided by designing shading de vices according to the proposed approach. xx -
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