Pestisit atıkların ozonla oksidasyonu
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55954
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. İLHAN TALINLI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 132
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada zararlı atıklar tanıtılarak yönetim politikaları verilmiş ve zararlı atık kaynağı olduğu saptanan pestisit endüstrisi tanıtılmıştır. Bu atıksuların arıtım bütünü içindeki proseslere yardım amacıyla yüksek organik madde içeriğinin ozonla oksidasyonu ve detoksrfikasyonu da incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde çalışmanın amaç ve kapsamı içerisinde konuya esas olan zararlı atıkların çevresel önemi üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde zararlı atıklar tanım ve kavramı üzerinde durulmuş, zararlı atık yönetimine esas olan atık tanımlama ve saptama yöntemleri ve buniann kriterleri, listeleri ve kaynakları incelenmiştir. Zararlı atıkların yönetimi kavramında antım ve uzaklaştırma teknikleri, yönetim planması yapılarak yurtiçi ve Amerika' daki yasal ve idare çerçeve üçüncü bölümde verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde pestisit endüstrisi incelenerek proses ve atık tanımı yapılmıştır. Pestisit endüstrisinde atık minimizasyonu seçenekleri örnek bir endüstrinin tanıtılması ile beraber beşinci bölümde verilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde ise örnek endüstri üzerinde yapılan bir deneysel çalışma ile bu atıksuların ozonla oksidasyonu incelenmiştir. Uygulama örneği ile varılan sonuçlar ve öneriler ise son bölümde verilmiştir. vıı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY OZONATION OF PESTICIDE WASTES Hazardous waste aspect is becoming more and more important each day, in the world despite of its complexity. Hazardous wastes are the dangerous discards of highly industrialized, science and technology-oriented society. When not properly disposed of, such wastes pose subtantial dangers both now and in the future. The term refers to any waste or combination of wastes that presents or poses potential dangers to human health and safety or to living organisms in our environment Such wastes are lethal, nondegradable or may be biologically magnified, capable of promoting detrimental cumulative effects as well as short-term hazards. They may be toxic chemicals, flammable, radioactive, explosive or biological in nature and take the form of solids, sludges, gases or liquids. A new regulation for hazardous waste has been set up in Turkey. These regulations can not solve the problem of managing hazardous waste due to lack of informations about this concept. Proper managment means more than just careful disposal. It means consideration of a range of options that depend on such factors as characteristics, volume and location of the waste. In order of priority, the desired options for managing hazardous wastes are:. minimize the amounts generated by modifying the industrial process involved. transfer the waste to another industry that can use it. reprocess the wastes to recover energy or material. separate hazard from nonhazardous waste at the source and concentrate it, which reduces handling, transportation and disposal costs. incinerate the waste, or subject it to treatment that makes it nonhazardous. dispose of the waste in a secure landfill In this study, hazardous wastes are defined, classified as well as presenting appropriate treatment, disposal and managment technologies. Moreover the pesticide industry has been monitored and experiments have been performed to see the suitability of ozonating the resulting waste waters. In the first section, the purpose and the scope of the study is summarized and the environmental importance and potential hazards of hazardous wastes are outlined. For our country we have a recently developed legal legislation about hazardous wastes, however, there seems to be very limited research and VIIIliterature about the subject since hazardous wastes matter is a very spesific one. This leads some conradictory aspects for our develoving country, by means of either politic attitude or applications. The problem should be regarded globally and management should be controlled at every stage. In the second section, environmental problems that arise with hazardous wastes and development of hazardous wastes concept are examined. The quantity of waste that presents a directly proportional increase with developing industry covers a wide range of species. Until the early 70's hazardous wastes are severely disregarded, before hazardous wastes caused disasters at these decades. These disasters are presented here, since they given rise to the concept of hazardous wastes. Again in the same section waste definition and identification methods that are basis for the hazardous wastes management are outlined.. Whatever the forms and shapes are, the main problem is management and disposal of these wastes in order to protect environmental values. Specific care should be given to definition of hazardous wastes, because they show differencies from country to country and this step is essential for management. Till nowadays two basic approaches are applied for definition of hazardous wastes. These are definitions by environmental effects and by waste specifications. Besides these theoric definitions, another application is listing which uses the above cited two definition models and this model detects the hazardous wastes that will be controlled by legal acts. Inclusive and exclusive lists are presented in the second since they cover an important role in legal legislations. In section 3, treatment and disposal technologies of hazardous wastes management are presented. Waste reduction, seperation, exchange transport, energy and material recovery, waste treatment/burning and safe final disposal sections renders the problem a global management plan. In this scope treatment and disposal technologies are studied and presented. Also given in sub-sections are treatment technologies; physical, chemical and biological treatment, and disposal technologies; landfill, burning, disharge to sea depth, underground disposal and deep well disposal. In this section, which also includes legal and administrative legislations for hazardous wastes management is formed by a literature search. Either national or international applications are summarized. In this system which starts with definition of hazardous wastes and ends with final disposal, it is essential to cany out the technical definitions, legal definitons and control mechanisms as a whole part. However, this system differentiates from country to country because of ifs dinamic structure which has different aspects by means of social, politic and economic conditions of nations. Thus, legal restrictions of a nation may not be valid for another. While legal legislations of USA are presented, our national legislation“Regulation for Control of the Hazardous Wastes”is also presented. Also given in sub sections waste minimization assessment detailly. IXIn the working definition used used by EPA, waste minimizaiton consists of source reduction and recycling. Of the two approaches, source reduction is usually considered an preferable to recycling from an environmental perspective. Treatment of hazardous waste is considered an approach to waste minimization by some states but not by others, and thus is not addressed in this guide. A Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment, sometimes called a waste minimization audit, is a systematic procedure for identifying ways to reduce eliminate waste. The four phases of a waste minimization oppurtinity assessment are:. Planning and organization. Assessment phase. Feasibility analysis phase. Implementation In the forth section, the pesticide industry has been described. As defined by Standart Industrial Classification (SIC) 2879, the pesticide formulating industry includes companies which formulate and prepare agricultarel pest control chemicals or pesticides. This includes insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. These products are formulated from pesticide concentrates manufactured elsewhere and are distributed to farmers in ready-use form. There are three types of pesticide formulations; solvent-based, wate-based and solid-based. In solvent-based formulations, the solvent serves as the carrier solution for the pesticide ingredient A solvent-water emulsion may also be used as the carrier. Typical solvents are light aromatics such as xylene, chlorinated organics such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane and mineral spirits. As with solvent-based formulations, water serves as the carrier solution for the active pesticide ingredient in the water-based formulations. Other waste-based formulations are in the form of suspensions or emulsions. The solvent- and water-based formulations are applied directly in liquid form or propelled as an aerosol. There are many types of dry-based pesticide formulations prepared by blending solid active ingredients with inert solids such as clay and sand. Some dry formulations are prepared by absorbing liquid active ingredients with solid carrier materials. Some common dry-based formulations are dusts, wettable powders, granules, treated seed, and bait pellets and cubes. The fifth section discusses recommend waste minimization methods for pesticide formulating operations. These methods come from accounts published in the open literature and through industry contacts. In order of occurrence at a facility, the waste streams are equipment cleaning wastes, spills and area washdowns, off spec products, empty bags and drums, airemissions and wastes from air emission control equipment, waste water associated with laundering protective clothing, water used for aerosol leak testing and stormwater runoff. The waste minimization methods are given below: Waste Stream Waste Minimization Methods Equipment Cleaning Wastes Maximize production runs Store and reuse cleaning wastes Use of wiper blades and squeegees. Use of low volume high efficiency cleaning Use of plastic or foam“pigs”Spills and Area Washdowns Use of dedicated vacuum system Use of dry cleaning methods Use of recycled water for initial cleanup Actively involved supervision Off-Specification Products Strict quality control and automation Reformulation of off-spec batches Containers Return containers to supplier Triple rinse containers Drums with liners versus plastic drums or bags Solid waste segregation Air Emissions Control bulk storage air emissions Dedicated dust collection system Automatic enclosed cut-in hoppers Miscellaneous Wastewater Streams Pave high spillage areas Wastewater treatment In the Section 6, an experimental program has been run for pesticide industry wastewaters which are determined as hazardous waste from the XIspesific sources listing in EPA with code numbers of K043, K099. Wastewater characterization shows that wastewater has a high organic content (COD 40000-180000 mg/l) and toxic characteristics. COD measurement have been controlled by total organic carbon TOC measurement (674-3000 mg/lt) and outcoming results indicated that there is an inconsistency between COD and TOC values. Therefore, it has been considered that some compounds in the wastewater cause an interference an standart COD test. Process wastewater is diluted with laundry wastewater and the resulting COD value of the combined stream has become approximately 12000 mg/lt. Ozonization has been applied to this combined stream. Ozonization has been applied to 40 It wastewater for 2 hours, 4 samples have been taken at 15, 30, 60, 120 minutes duration. Total applied ozone is 57000 mg/lt, offgases are 41 mg/lt after 2 hours. Ozone concentration is 95.4 mg/lt. COD, TOC measurements have been performed for each sample but an increasing values have been obtained for each ozonated sample. The electrophilic attack of ozone to double bond of organ ics results in formation of hydroxydihydroperoxide ions (Zwitter ions). These ions may interfere the dichromate solutions used in the standart COD test but the positive errors in the TOC tests can not be explained. On the other hand, 137 mg/lt 2.4 D acid is reduced to 4 mg/lt with ozonation and this measurement is done by HPLC: This is an indication that 2.4 D acid which is the active compound in pesticides can sufficientlly be oxidized to its intermediate products. For this reason this process can be regarded as a detoxification process for some compounds of wastewater. Fish bioassays have been performed with the ozonated wastewater to control the toxicity of the intermediate products. Increasing TLM values have been determined due to residual ozone and intermediate products. Since precipitation of organics is more easier after ozonation, Jar test has been run for the ozonated samples using optimum 800 mg/lt ferrichloride coagulant dozage and 1 mg/lt polyelectrolytes. At the end of this test COD removal performance has been obtained as 60%. In the last section, the results of the experimental studies have been discussed and then proposals which are based on this are presented. XII
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