Güvenli şekilde dost uçakları tanıma
Secure identification friendly aircraft
- Tez No: 597226
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. ENVER ÖZDEMİR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bilimleri-Bilgisayar ve Kontrol, Computer Engineering and Computer Science and Control
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2019
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Bilişim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Bilişim Uygulamaları Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Bilgi ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 79
Özet
Son yıllarda havacılık sektörünün popülerliği hem sivil hem de askeri alanda artmıştır. Sivil havacılıkta kullanımları yoğun bir şekilde devam eden ve her geçen yıl kullanımları giderek artan yolcu taşıma uçaklarına, kargo taşıma uçaklarına ek olarak; insansız hava araçları gibi araçların giderek yaygınlaşmaya başlaması ve drone gibi yeni nesil insansız hava araçlarının da popülerliğinin artması (gözlem ve insan-yük taşıma faaliyetlerindeki kullanımlarının artması) bu sektörü her geçen yıl daha da güçlü kılmaktadır ve sektörün zorlukları da giderek artmaktadır. Askeri havacılıkta ise kullanımları yıllardır süregelen savaş uçakları, helikopterler gibi hava araçlarına ek olarak; yine gözlem için kullanılan insansız hava araçları ve savunma-saldırı için kullanılan silahlı insansız hava araçları, askeri havacılık alanını devletler için takip edilmesi kaçınılmaz bir alan kılmaktadır. Sektörün mevcut alanlarındaki hava araçlarının kullanımının artması ve yeni hava araçlarının kullanılmaya başlanması her ne kadar herkesi memnun etse de, artan trafiğin yönetiminin her geçen gün zorlaşması sektörün sorunlarından bir tanesi haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca artan bu kullanımla birlikte güvenlik konusu da gittikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmamızda savaş uçaklarında bulunan dost - düşman tanıma sistemlerine alternatif olabilecek aynı zamanda sivil havacılıktaki güvenlik problemlerini de giderebilecek bir tanıma şeması geliştirdik. Bu tezde yetkisi olmayan uçakların kendilerini diğer uçaklara“dost”olarak tanıtmasını engellemek amacıyla uçak filoları arasında kullanılabilecek bir tanıma (identification) şeması tasarlanmıştır. Bu şema havacılık iletişimdeki tanıma sorununa bir çözüm olarak kullanılabilir. Yöntemimiz klasik şifreleme yöntemlerinin ve sıfır bilgi ispatı yöntemlerinin bir birleşimidir. Dost filolarda yer alan uçaklara, aynı filo içinde yer alan uçaklara aynı anahtarlar dağıtılmak üzere, birbirleriyle belirlenen benzerlik oranında benzeşen gömülü anahtarlar dağıtılmış ve kullandığımız matematiksel modelle iki filo arasında anahtarlarının benzerliğini anlama kıstası üzerinden bir tanımlama şeması tasarlanmıştır. Zero Knowledge Proof tekniği sayesinde iki hava aracı arasında gömülü anahtarına dair hiçbir bilgi paylaşımı olmadan“dost”veya“bilinmeyen”olarak kategorileştirme işlemi yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Dost kategorisine giren hava araçlarının mesajları bu iletişim sonrasında işlenirken, bilinmeyen olarak işaretlenen hava araçlarının mesajlarının dikkate alınmaması sağlanacaktır. Genel olarak bu çalışmada sıfır bilgi ispatına dayanan yöntemle daha güvenilir bir tanıma sistemi sistem sunduk.
Özet (Çeviri)
In last years, aviation industry has become more and more popular. In addition to being extensively used in air transportation and cargo transportation areas which are continuing to be used intensively in civil aviation; the increasing popularity of new generation unmanned aerial vehicles such as drone (observation, human-cargo transport activities) makes this sector stronger and more challenging every year. Besides, the air vehicles such as combat aircraft, helicopters, which have been in use for years in military aviation; the unmanned aerial vehicles that used for observation and armed unmanned aerial vehicles that used for defense-attack make the military aviation an inevitable subject to follow closey. Technological developments have undoubtedly improved their accuracy, consistency, effectiveness and system continuity of aviation navigation systems. System security has become a necessity in the sector to eliminate the threats of the aviation infrastructure. Currently, there is no common vision, common strategy, objectives, standards, implementation models or international policies defining cyber security for commercial aviation. It is a common responsibility of governments, airlines, airports and manufacturers to ensure a safe aviation system and prevent cyber threats. Avionics which means aviation electronics covers all electronic systems used in an aircraft. These systems mainly perform navigation, communication, display and other flight and duty functions. Military avionics systems are indispensable for manned, unmanned aircraft, missiles and weapons. These systems allow the aircraft to perform defense, attack and surveillance tasks. The main difference between the Avionics software and the conventional embedded software is that the avionic software is optimized for security and the legal arrangements that require the development process of the software. Avionics become an important discipline with the rapid development of new generation computers, communication hardware, software languages and development tools. With these developing areas, the avionics has expanded and become multi-disciplined. Although increased usage of vehicles in the existing areas and the newly coming aircrafts pleased everyone, overseeing and controlling of air traffic has become one of the biggest problems in the sector. Even if we have developed PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar) and SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar) to control the air traffic, afterwhile these developed technologies become insufficient because of the increased aircrafts. These radar systems were highly costly and inappropriate for the newly coming air vehicles. In these radar systems, the vehicles has to communicate with the ATC (Air Traffic Controller) tower to inform other air crafts and also has to communicate with ATC tower again to get the information from other air crafts. In order for the ATC towers to manage the airspace safely, each control unit must understand the status of each aircraft. Traditionally, the PSR and the SSR have fulfilled this role in various ways since World War II. Both systems are designed at a time when radio transmission requires a great deal of financial investment and expertise. Therefore, these old systems were not given any security considerations because they were assumed to be inaccessible. The rise of Software-Based Radio (SDR) overrides this assumption and has enabled potential attackers to compromise the system with fewer resources. Without authentication of the basic protocols, data link level attacks are more difficult to detect for both aviation systems and users of these systems than for attacks on traditional analog technologies such as the audio communication system or primary surveillance radar (PSR). A new communication technology named ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) has developed and started to be used in air craft vehicles. Using the global navigation system, ADS-B helps aircraft find their position independently. Aircrafts can periodically send their altitude, speed and other relevant data with the help of a digital data connection that communicates with air-to-air and air-to-land systems. ADS-B is a completely new paradigm for air traffic control. Each participant gets their position and speed using a built-in GPS ( Global Positioning System) receiver. The location is then periodically broadcasted by a transmitter subsystem called ADS-B Out with a message (typically twice per second). The messages are received and processed by ATC towers on the ground or by nearby aircraft if the air craft is equipped with ADS-B In. One of the security problem of ADS-B is that it is impossible to detect the identification of the ADS-B message sender aircraft. The critical importance of IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) systems has led to many studies for it. IFF system is installed in vehicles such as warplanes and warships. It is a radar transponder that responds correctly with an encrypted message that describes the aircraft or ship“friend”when interrogated by appropriate radar signal. Interrogative devices are placed in search, surveillance and capture radars. It is also installed in the guidance systems of certain antiaircraft missiles. All aircraft and ships equipped with the IFF may be targetted if they do not react correctly when detected by the radar. In Air Defense Systems, identification and access control of friendly-foe aircraft are the necessary protection mechanisms. Furthermore, security in communication is becoming more and more important with this increased usage. We have created an identification scheme that can be an alternative to the identification of friend or foe systems in combat aircraft, which can also solve the security problems in civil aviation. There are many different algorithms that provide secure communication in cryptography. In this study, we will use two algorithms, namely Secret Sharing and Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP). ZKP systems were introduced in 1985 by Goldwasser, Micali and Rackoff. This protocol is based on a Prover convincing a Verifier to validate knowledge without revealing any information beyond the reality of information. ZKP techniques are important techniques used in cryptographic algorithms. Interpolation is a basic mathematical technique to bring something complicated to a simple or at least less complex structure.Interpolation is an effective tool to make high precision approximations. These methods generally provide numerical approaches to calculate complex function values and to evaluate differential equations. Polynomial interpolation methods date back to 17th century. Polynomial interpolation provides a simple and good way to predict the analytical expression, specifically a function, in a region stretched by the measured points. The Newton Divided Difference method is a numerical procedure that is used to interpolate a given set of points. In this thesis, an identification scheme that can be used between aircraft fleets is designed to prevent unauthorized aircraft from introducing themselves as“friends”to other aircraft. This scheme can be used as a solution to the identification problem in aviation communication. Our method is a combination of classical encryption methods and zero knowledge proof methods. The method we recommend is not as complicated as other ZKP methods using graph isomorphism. Moreover, it is not only available for military aircraft. The identification scheme which we use can also be used by other non-aeronautical systems, eg on IoT devices. Because we do not use time-varying IFF codes, the cost of implementation is lower than other methods. This also makes the operational cost lower. It is more reliable for secret listening attacks. Because we use the ZKP, the attacker cannot capture or manipulate any confidential information. In this method, embedded keys similar to each other with the already agreed similarity ratio are distributed to the aircraft in the friendly fleets. The same keys were distributed to the aircrafts in the same fleet. Thanks to the mathematical model designed the identification scheme provides a method to understand the similarity ratio of the keys between the two aircrafts. In this method, both sides (interrogating and responding) make polynomial interpolation with the values installed or given. Interrogator investigates whether the value calculated with a set of values at a certain point is the same as the responder part. When the values taken from responder includes the one that was calculated after interpolating polynomial, the responder is marked as“friend”. If the set of values doesn't include the value calculated by interrogator, then the responder is marked as“foe”. The Zero Knowledge Proof technique made it possible to mark an aircarft vehicle“friend”or“foe”without sharing any information about their embedded keys. Thanks to this method, the messages of the aircrafts that belong to“friend”category will be processed after this communication and the messages of the aircraft marked as“unknown”will be ignored. In general, we have presented a more reliable identification system in this study which is based on zero knowledge proof and classical encryption methods. The software to be used in this identification model that we have developed can be dealt with in future studies in a way that is in compliance with DO-178B standard.
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