Yapı sistemlerinin hesap yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması ve boşluklu perdelerin araştırılması
Comparison of methods of structural analysis and investigation of shear walls with openings
- Tez No: 66719
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. SUMRU PALA
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Yapı Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Yapı Analizi ve Boyutlandırma Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 208
Özet
ÖZET Yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlanan bu çalışma iki bölümünden oluşmaktadır.“Yapı Sistemlerinin Hesap Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması”ve "Boşluklu Perdelerin Araştırılması''. Birinci bölümde, yapı sistemlerinin hesap yöntemleri, örnek olarak seçilen üç açıklıklı bir düzlem çerçeve üzerinde çeşitli yükleme durumları için farklı hesap yöntemleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Önce Açı Yöntemi ile yapının ön boyutlandırılması yapılmıştır. Daha sonra sırasıyla, yapı yükleri için ve p1, p2, p3 ilave yükleri için Matris Deplasman Yöntemi, W(deprem) yükü için Cross Yöntemi, düzgün sıcaklık değişmesi için Matris Kuvvet Yöntemi ve mesnet çökmeleri için de Açı Yöntemi kullanılarak kesit tesirleri bulunmuştur. En elverişsiz iç kuvvetlerin tayini için süperpozisyon tabloları düzenlenmiş ve kritik kesitlerde betonarme kesit hesapları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca seçilen iki kesite ait M, N, T tesir çizgileri Endirekt Deplasman Yöntemi kullanılarak çizilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, çok katlı yapıların depreme dayanıklı olarak tasarımında çok kullanılan yatay yük taşıyıcı elemanlar olan boşluklu perdelerin boşluk oranlarındaki değişimlere göre davranışları Dolu Perde, Sonlu Eleman ve Çerçeve İdealizasyonları kullanılarak irdelenmiştir. Boşluk yüksekliği ve genişliği değiştirilerek türetilen değişik boyut ve boşluk oranlarındaki örnekler üç farklı tipte yükleme için çözülmüştür. Boşluklu perdelerin değişken kat yüksekliği (8, 12, 16) ve değişken perde genişliği (5,50m, 6,00m, 6,50m) için boşluk oranları değişimine bağlı davranışları incelenmiştir. İncelemeler sonucu tepe deplasmanlarının davranışı iyi karakterize ettiği görülerek idealizasyonlar arası karşılaştırma sonuçları tepe deplasmanları bazında tablo ve grafikler ile verilmiştir. XV
Özet (Çeviri)
COMPARISON OF METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR WALLS WITH OPENINGS This study which is submitted as Master Thesis, consists of two parts : 1 - Comparison of Methods of Structural Analysis 2 - Investigation of shear walls with openings In the first part of this thesis, the analysis of a three-span reinforced concrete plane frame subjected to various external effects is presented. Different analysis methods have been used for each external loading. Thus, the application and comparison of these methods have been illustrated. The preliminary cross-sectional dimensions of the frame have been determined through the utilization of the Slope-Deflection Method. In the preliminary design of the structural system, realistic member sizes can be obtained by decreasing the characteristics strengths of material in some proportion since only the dead loads and live loads are considered. In section 1.4.1 of this part, the structure is analyzed by Matrix Displacement Method for dead weight acting on the structure. In the Matrix Displacement Method, the unknowns are the joint translations and rotations. This method is more convenient for those systems having high degree of statical indeterminacy. In other words, for systems having more members meeting at joints, this method enables designer to deal with less unknowns. Although the band width of simultaneous equations is limited and there is no elasticity in choosing the unknowns, generation of the stiffness matrix is usually practical because of localized effect, i.e. a displacement of a joint effects only the members meeting at the given joint. Thus, the formulation of this method is easier and this method is more suitable for computer programming. In section 1.4.2 of this part, the structure is analyzed by the Matrix Displacement Method for live loads p}, p2 and p3. In section 1.4.3, the structure subjected to lateral loads is analyzed by the Moment Distribution (Cross) Method. xviAs it known, the analysis of statically indeterminate structures generally requires the solution of linear simultaneous equations. In this method however, a part of the simultaneous equations which correspond to the joint rotations are solved by using successive iterations. In section 1.4.4 of this part, the uniform temperature changes have been taken into account as an external effect on the structure. Uniform temperature change is the temperature change at the centerline of members. Due to this effect, internal forces the structure is analyzed by Matrix Force Method. The unknown are the end forces of members which forms the structure. In this method, first, a member of forces which are equal to number of unknowns ( the degree of indeterminacy ) are released, each release can be made by the removal of either support reactions or internal forces. In this method, analysis can be made with lever unknowns for the systems having more members in a frame. Further, it is possible to obtain equations with sufficient stability and with narrower band width by means of the freedom in choosing unknowns. In section 1.4.5, the structure is analyzed by the Slope-Deflection Method for different support settlements. The unknowns, in this method, are rotations of joints are independent relative displacements of members. The linear simultaneous equations can be obtained automatically. At the end of these calculations, the dimensions of the critical cross-sections obtained from the preliminary analysis are checked under the most unsuitable loading conditions. This loading conditions are several combinations which consider different external effects acting in certain proportions according to Turkish Design Code. In this study, it is observed that the most unsuitable condition is obtained from the following combination : 1,4G+1,6Q where G : Dead Weight Q : Live Load Finally, in section 1.5 of this part, the influence lines for bending moment, axial force and shear for of two given sections are obtained by means of the Indirect Displacement Method which is an efficient and reliable method. xvuIn the second part of the thesis, the analysis of coupled shear walls is performed for different opening ratios and the numerical results obtained in the course of the study are presented in terms of tables and graphics. In the first section of the second part, the scope and aim of the study are introduced. Reinforced concrete coupled shear walls are widely used in high rise structures to provide sufficient resistance against external lateral loads. In recent years, many investigators have dealt with the response of coupled shear walls and wall frame systems subjected to earthquake effects. In order to avoid catastrophic collapse during extreme earthquakes, the lateral resisting members in buildings must be ductile and strong enough to absorb and dissipate strain energy by inelastic behavior. In the design of tall buildings, it is essential that the structure is sufficiently stiff to resist the horizontal loads acting on it, and one way of providing the required stiffness is by utilizing coupled shear walls in the construction. The aim of this study is; to inspect the coupled shear walls with the Finite Element and Frame Idealizations and find out the correct idealization so that they can be idealized as shear walls without openings or not. In this study, finite element idealization and frame idealization are used together for the lateral load analysis of coupled shear walls. In the basic analysis, the wall parts are idealized by using finite elements, wherein the coupling beams are either idealized similarly or considered as flexural one dimensional elements depending on their depth/span ratios. In the second section of this part, the lateral load bearing elements are generally classified as 1- Frame systems 2- Structural walls 3- Coupled shear walls 4- Cores 5- Tubes In the next section, coupled shear walls are introduced. Structural walls are widely used as lateral load bearing elements in designing earthquake resistant multi-story buildings. xviuIt is well known that these elements have sufficient strength and rigidity to resist small and moderate earthquakes but lack the necessary energy absorbing capacity required for exceptional severe shaking. However, it has been shown that, when walls are coupled with either each other or with frames by means of ductile beams, the necessary ductility may procured in most cases. According to Muto, shear deformation of a shear wall with small openings is obtained by multiplying the shear deformation in the case of a shear wall without opening by a correction factor. Muto gives the ratio for shear walls with small openings as p
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