Bankacılıkta kredi politikası, risk unsurları, Türkiyede'ki bankaların karşılaştırdıkları kredi problemleri ve uygulamaları
Credit policies in banking risk elements, credit problems of Turkey banks and applications
- Tez No: 87097
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. İLHAN ULUDAĞ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bankacılık, Banking
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Marmara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Bankacılık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 78
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
ENGLISH SUMMARY OF THE THESIS £RThe dictionary definition of credit is respectability and trust and it is derived from“credere”root in Latin meaning, to believe. Credit; is the facility, limit granted as a result of the inspections and researches held by the bank as secured or unsecured considering various rules. There are four factors of a credit. These are ; a)Time element in credits : The time in credits is very important, since the money and the respectability provided loaned by the banks has to be returned after a specific time.b)Problem of trust in credits : Being sure that the debt placed on the credit will be paid on time after a period of specific time, forms the trust element in credit. c)Risk element in credits : The income of the credit is generated by the interest and/or commission. ~Tire-creditrtypes are also classified in four groups : l)Credits according to their qualities a) Cash loan : It defines the money lent by the banks, b) Non-cash credits: These are the guarantee documents which the banks give in favour of persons or legal entities in the country or abroad, for the subjects such as the delivery of a good, realisation of work or settlement of a debt etc. in order to provide the fulfilment of the obligations of the undertaker in accordance with the with the conditions determined before. 2)Credits according to their terms a)Short-term credits: Although short-term credits are defined corporationally as termless and up to 2-years-termed credits, the term in such credits does not exceed 18 months. b)Medium term credits:They are credits with 18-5 years of terms. c)Long-term credits:They are credits with terms more than 5 years. 3)Credits according to their purposes a)Investment credits : They are the credits given to the enterprises as medium and long-term for the construction of their buildings and establishments, which means financing of their fixed assets. b)Enlargement and modernization Credits : They are the credits given to the enterprises usually as medium- term for the enlargement, renewal, modernization of the buildings belonging to the enterprise, providing machinery and equipment. 69c)Enterprise credits :They are the credits given as short or medium-term to finance the production activities of the enterprises, to fulfill the floating capital requirements. d)Consumption credits: They are the credits requested by the people in need for purchasing the goods required and requested by considering the income to be received in future. 4)Credits according to their security a) Secured credits b) Unsecured Credits What are the risks in credits and the role of the credits in economy ; the risks of the credits can be summarized as the beneficiary of the credit can not pay back the credit or does not pay it on the due date, or can not pay the interests, provisions and deposit currencies determined by the agreement. Credit risk; can be classified in three groups as country, sector and company risks Each credit, even in different ratios, has the probability of not turning back, in other words, carries risk factor in this meaning. In crediting, risk can form due to the reasons explained below. * Not healthily foreseeing the future * The change in requests for the goods produced or the services of the company or the people who are using the credit. * Natural disasters ( earthquake, fire etc.) * The decisions of the government which have a negative influence on the payment power of the companies using the credit. * The personal characteristics of the credit user. * The weakening of the competition power of the company * Management mistakes etc. Sources to be benefited in risk analysis a)Intelligence:is the whole activities for determination, continuos control and following of the personal, financial and market status of the company or the person whom credit relation is or will be established. Information to be benefited in intelligence a) The company itself b) Information received form the market c) Trade Register Records and Trade Registration Gazette d) Title-deed register records and tax declarations 70e) Financial tables of the companies f) Risk centralization of Central Bank g) Other information sources b)Financial analysis: by application of various techniques, evaluations are made. * Financial tables * Activity reports and other management reports * Comparative financial tables, sectoral tables and data * Account status presented to official authorities Each one of these sources are prepared by different groups for different purposes, and due to this, the financial analysts has to understand thoroughly how this data is developed and for which reasons it is evaluated, and then analyze it. During crediting : Credits should be used according to the laws, bye laws, regulations and the principles of the bank in accordance with the activity subjects and seasonal actions of the real person or legal entities. Before the credit is used, it should be controlled if the credit conditions are fulfilled or not. In the same way, as long as the credit is used, its' continuity should be obtained and security deficiency should take place. One of the risk situations for the banks is the usage of the credit given to the company by another company. The companies, of which their financial status, morality or present credits are not appropriate, using credits by means of other companies in an indirect way may cause the credits not to be collected. Determining a new date of payment (prolongation) for a bill not paid on due date or changing it with a new bill (renewal) should be avoided. Moreover, the managements depending on accommodation bills are also risky. The companies should be followed also after the credits are used and present relations should be revised. For the continuing credits, the banks investigate by requesting the financial tables of its' credit client, controlling check-protest records, making inspections in the business place, checking the present records, examining the credit and deposit actions. 71The role of the credits in economy ;within the financial system, credits carry out the fund transfer function. Within the financial system the banks, which are financial intermediaries, are helping the economy in risk sharing, specialization, efficiency and distribution process of the funds. Risk Sharing : The intermediary enterprises, which give credits to many other people by gathering the funds of many people, are considered to spread the risks of the credits to many depositors and other credits. Specialization : By appointing specialized personnel, intermediary enterprises reach the correct credit decisions and this way they reduce the risk of not returning for the funds and simplify the efficient distribution of the credits. Efficiency and Distribution Process of the Funds : With the realization of the efficient distribution of the funds in an economy, economical development and growth is closely related to the total of the net real active investments realized in that country. Troubled credits ;troubled credit can be defined as delay of the collection due to the infringement of the pay-back agreement between the bank and the debtor and causing a probability of a loss. I. In cash credits used as Debit Account; II. Not collecting the principal and the interests within 30 days after the term in other cash credits. III. In installed credits, not paying two installments following one of the monthly installments or not collecting it within 60 days starting from the term of the installment, IV. Not collecting compensated values of the non-cash credits within 30 days after the date of compensation; in case one or some of these situations happen, the credit given is considered as in default Reasons of the troubled credits ; * Reasons related to the company: a) Management : The share of bad-management in failure of the enterprises is quite big. b) Goods produced : The continuity of the activities of a company in a profitable way is closely related to protection of its' superiority and quality steadily in the market. c) Marketing conditions : When the reasons of the troubled credits are examined, the marketing activities of the company should also be closely inspected. The credit debtorshould have a good defined marketing policy and efficient tools to apply this policy. d) Control systems : A company can market a correct product in the correct market with an efficient marketing strategy, but if its' activities are not controlled as required failure is inevitable. * Environmental factors: a) Technological environment : For the financial stability and vitality, it is very important for a company to determine the changing technological conditions and to adjust to these changes on time. b)Economical environment : In order to manage a business successfully, the economical conditions lived-in has to be evaluated well, absolutely. c)Natural environment : Many companies depend on natural sources in providing raw material and energy requirements. d)Political environment : For many companies the decisions taken by the governments and legal arrangements effect the management and success of the company in a great degree. *Errors made in banking:a) The intelligence made about the debtor is not sufficient b) Financial tables are not analyzed sufficiently c) Insufficient analysis of the purpose of the credit and its' pay back source d) Insufficient security e) Insufficient follow-up f) Insufficiency in management of the credit function g) Not being able to follow and control the rapid growth h) Delay in taking the precautions just when the problem is identified The cost of the troubled credits to the bank:- The funds allocated to the troubled credits can not be directed to alternative areas with higher income. - Since the troubled credits will require closer consideration and follow-up they will cause higher managerial costs. - The troubled credits will prevent the managers from using their time in more productive areas. - The bank's image and its' reputation in the market will be damaged and this will have a negative effect on the growth and development of the bank. - The troubled credits require a considerable degree of specialization in legal subjects and they cause high levels of legal expenses. - In the banks with a high quantity of troubled credits, the morale of the personnel is 7qnegatively effected by low income and limited growth. The effects of the troubled credits on the economy - Since the biggest source of the banks are deposits, the bankruptcy of the banks will cause a cessation of the payments in the economy. - Speculations related to the bankruptcy of the bank will effect the banking sector and will decrease the confidence felt for the sector. - Interruption of the credits will cause the interruption of capital accumulation, employment and production. - Will cause an interruption in financial and monetary policies applied IT-G. YUKSffiûÖMîii *.w t BflKIIMANTASYON wi t/j\
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