Mersin-Taşucu-Boğsak kaynağı ve dolayının karst hidrojeolojisi
The Karst hydrogeology of the Mersin-Taşucu-Boğsak karst spring and its surrounding area
- Tez No: 14081
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. KEMAL ERGUVANLI
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Geological Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1989
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 138
Özet
ÖZET“Mersin - Taşucu Boğsak Kaynağı ve Dolayının Karst Hidrojeolojisi”konulu bu tez kapsamında, yörenin jeolojisi ve karst hidrojeolojisi incelenmiş, tuzlanmış olan Boğsak karst kaynağı ve akiferinden yararlanabilme olanakları araştırılmıştır. Bölgenin yerleşim yoğunluğu, doğal güzelliği, tarihi ve ekonomik zenginliğinin yanısıra bol ve kullanılabilir suya olan ihtiyaç, konusunda ilk defa yapılan böyle bir araştırmaya gerek göstermiştir. İnceleme alanına ilişkin önceki araştırmaların derlenmesi, meteorolojik analizlerin yapılması, bölgenin hava fotoğrafları ve uydu filimleri ile morfolojik - jeolojik yönden tanınması sonunda, 1/10.000 ölçekli topoğrafik haritalar kullanılarak ayrıntılı bir jeoloji haritası hazırlanmıştır. Kayaç birimleri petrografik - litolojik yönden adlandırılmış ve paleontolojık tanımlama yapılarak bu birimlere yaş verilmiştir. Karst ile morfoloji ve jeoloji arasındaki etkileşimi belirlemek amacıyla, bölgenin drenaj ağı ve yüzey - yeraltı karst şekillerinin boyutsal analizi istatistik yöntemlerle araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca inceleme alanındaki çeşitli karbonat kayaçları üzerinde boşlukluluk. geçirimlilik ve bağıl eriyebilirlik deneyleri yapılmıştır. Sağlanan veriler kayaçların kimyasal analız sonuçları ile desteklenerek inceleme alanındaki yüzey-yeraltı karstını ve karstlaşmayı denetleyenparametreler açığa çıkarılmıştır. Mevcut verilerden hareketle bölgenin l/10.000 ölçekli ayrıntılı bir hidrojeoloji haritası hazırlanmış, ayıtlılan hidrojeolojik ortamların karakteristikleri listelenmiştir. inceleme alanının genel jeolojik ve hidrojeolojik özeliklerini açığa çıkaran bu çalışmalar sonrasında Boğsak vadisinin tuzlanmış yeraltısuyunun seviyesinde ve kimyasal bileşimindeki değişimler, denizsuyu girişiminin boyutları ve tuzlanmanın önlenmesi konuları ele alınarak mevcut yeraltısuyunun kullanılabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bütününden sağlanan veriler, Boğsak akıferinin hidrojeolojik özeliklerinin sayısal olarak saptanmasına temel oluşturmuştur. Sonuçta, Boğsak kaynağının tuzluluğunu gidermeye çalışmaktansa, Boğsak kaynağının karst akiferinden bir sondajla tatlı yeralusuyu alınabileceği ve bunun en ekonomik çözüm olacağı saptanmıştır.
Özet (Çeviri)
The KARST HYDROGEOLOGY of the MERSIN-TAŞUCU-BOGSAK KARST SPRING and its SURROUNDING AREA SUMMARY In this dissertation, entitled 'The Karst Hydrogeology of the Mersin-Taşucu-Boğsak Karst Spring and its Surrounding Area“, geology and karst hydrogeology of the study area were investigated as a possible way to utilize the Boğsat Spring and its aquifer, which both contain high salt content due to sea-water interference. This dissertation is made of seven chapters. The first chapter describes the purpose of the study and discusses the need for early investigation of the karst springs and aquifers particularly in the dry regions. The second chapter summarizes the geographic condition, morphological properties and meteorological values of the study area. The brief summaries of geological and hydrogeological studies conducted by various researches are given in the third chapter. Geological studies performed in about 60 sq. km area in the vicinity of Boesak Spring is described in the foruth chapter. Also a geological map with 1/1Ö.000 scale, a panel diagram and some cross-sections are given in the same chapter. The analyses of the drainage network of the investigated area, results of the karstification laboratory experiments conducted with the various rock samples from study area, the types of areal karst landforms and their dimensional analyses and finally introduction of hydrogeological media are discussed in the fifth chapter.In the sixth chapter, changes of the groundwater level and chemical composition of water in the Boğsak valley were studied, and the sea-water encroachment and usage of present-day groundwater were investigated. Data gathered during these studies were used as a basic input for numerical determination of the occurence, discharge, water chemistry and utilization and various properties of the Boğsak aquifer in the seventh chapter. The results of these study are summarized as follows. L Geology The Paleozoic (Lower Silürien, Upper Devonien, Lower Carboniferous, Upper Permian), Mesozoic (Jurassic, Upper Cretaceous) and Senozoic (Lower Miocen, Quaternary) sedimentary rock are present in the study area and they are located in the Central Taurus Section of Taurides Tectonic Belt and in the Geyikdağı Secondary Tectonic Complex. Limestones and dolomites with different petrographic properties are the main lithological units. The sandstone-quartzite and claystone-siltstone in alternate sequences also exist in the same area. Approximately 600 m thick autochthonous series deposited in a continental shelf environment. The most distinctive angular unconformities lie between Mesozoic, and Paleozoic and Senozoic units, whereas the widest unconformity is present in Triassic series. The general bedding orientations are £şINW-NE>Mg >Na +K in fresh gronudwater are distinctive in this region. Meaningful correlations valid among the measured values of groundwater levels, Q”and EC The reason of salt content in groundwater is seawater encroachment as illustrated with 3 polluted zones in these maps. None of the water resources, except a few wells, are not suitable neither for drinking nor irrigating. All the water resources have incrustive but not aggressive effect on the concrete and metal. xivThe discharge of Boğsak karst spring have been changing due to precipitation and flow taking place in the regional water budged. The regression analyses with least squares have been applied to the decreasing period of spring discharge ana it has been shown that the“Q=f(t)”curve matches the TLSON equation. Also, the changes of EC^ Q“ and hardness values of spring water, and the values of precipitation and discharge have been examined depending on time and an apparent delay in ionic values, that must be minimum on maximum discharge, have been observed. This delay is explained by considering displacement of salty water placed in the aquifer pores by an instantaneous precipitation water. Boğsak karst spring has been discharging a karst aquifer in the type of confined character in general. The thickness of this karst aquifer is 170 m at the spring point The lowest 70 m section shows a poor aquifer character and consists of local impermeable levels. This aquifer does not have a continuous ground drainage area. The aquifer consists of many closed underground drainage areas (bowls; at different elevations and drains the water to only one neighbouring drainage area from only one point. The underground drainage lines lie in NW-SE direction in short distances and NE-SW direction in long distances in general. The maximum and minimum values of the coefficent of transmissibflity (T), permeability (K) and storage (S) of the aquifer were determined from the maximum and minimum values of the discharge of Boğsak karst spring and also the flow value in the regional water budged. Based on this determination, the underground drainage area of the aquifer was estimated. The total, static and dynamic reserves of the groundwater m aquifer have been calculated from the hydraulic parameters and the dimensional properties of the aquifer. Based on these facts, it is concluded that trying to prevent the encroachment of seawater to the spring will be unsuccesfull and uneconomic in general. Therefore, leaving the spring in its own flow condition is useful only in January and February, when it has maximum discharges and discharging the fresh water by a possible production well located at 1 km distance on SW of the spring with 250-300 m depth is probably the most economical and realistic solution. The important contributions of this dissertation is to cover the investigation of the karst spring and the aquifer of Boğsak, or a spring and an aquifer in general, are summarized at below. a) In the coastal aquifers salted by seawater such as Boğsak Spring, the saltation zones can be identified by using the limit values of Q”content based on TS 266 and obtained from the isochlorium map showing the encroachment direction and the grade of pollution. Thus, a practical and easily usable way to establish the saltation zones is established. b)An aquifer model possessing many closed underground drainage areas (bowls) taking place at different elevations, which is proposed drains then- water to only one neighbouring underground drainage area from only one point, when the groundwater level of the static reservoir exceeded. This new aquifer model is prepared by hydrogeological sections. Also, it explains both the discharge of the spring and the process of the saltation. This new aquifer model will open new sights into to karstic hydrogeology and the general xvhydrogeologic studies. c) The defiencies of the classical way in the analysis of discharge of a karst spring depending on the time in decreasing period of spring discharge are explained numerically such as shown in the example of the Boğsak karst spring. One of the most important defiencies is violiting assumptions regarding the relations described in the discharge equations. Particularly, in order to avoid the effect of excessive precipitation m winter on the spring discharge, the months with zero excess precipitation in water budged have to be considered in the decreasing period in discharge. Morever, the excessive evaporation and the months with highest consumptions are not to be considered in calculations. In this dissertation, the proposed approach and the classical approach are applied to the discharge in decreasing period Comparasion of the results shows the validity of the approach proposed in this study. xvi
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