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İlk hareket kavraması üzerinden elektrik motoruyla tahrik edilen bir sistemin dinamik davranışının simülasyonu

Simulation of dynamic behavior of a system which is driven by electric motor connected with starting coupling

  1. Tez No: 14286
  2. Yazar: İ.LEVENT PAKSU
  3. Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. M. SAİT YÜCENUR
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1990
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 74

Özet

ÖZET Mil sistemlerinin bağlanmasında çeşitli problemler ortaya çıkar. Genellikle döndüren ve döndürülen makinanın moment-hız karakteristikleri birbirine uymaz. Kullanılan elektik motoru çoğunlukla kısa devre rotor lu asenkron motordur. Bu tip motorlar yük altında devreye girerse çok btlylik akım çeker > hem kendi sargılarında hem de devrede zararlı etkiler meydana getirir. Ayrıca ilk hareketteki btiylik dirençlerden ötürü, nominal çalışma şartlarının gerektirdiğinden daha büyük güçlü motor gerekecektir. Benzin veya diesel motoru da yük altında devreye giremez. Devir sayısı belirli bir değere çıktıktan sonra yük taşıyabilir. Ralanti devrinin altına düşecek şekilde aşırı yüklenirse de stop eder. Her iki halde de kuvvet ve is makinaları arasına ilk hareket kavramaları konmalıdır. Bu şekilde farklı karakteristikteki makinalar her şartta beraber çalışabilir, ilk hareketlerini alabilirler. Bu tezde İlk hareket kavraması üzerinden elektrik motoru ile tahrik edilen bir sistemin dinamik davranışının simülasyonu yapılmıştır. Sistemin modeli kurulmuş ve basic dilinde de bilgisayar programı hazırlanmıştır. Bilindiği gibi bir elektrik motorunun çalışması esnasında devir sayısının» sıfırdan çalışma devir sayısına ulaşmasına kadar geçen slire“yol alma süresi”olarak isimlendirilir. Bu sürenin 5-12 saniyeyi 'asmaması gerekir. Aksi takdirde motorda yanma tehlikesi oluşur. Hazırladığım bilgisayar programında ilk hareket kav rama lı ve ilk hareket kavramasız sistemlerdeki yol alma süreleri hesaplanmaktadır. Bu şekilde motorun sisteme uygun olup olmadığı yol alma süreleri ile kontrol edilmiş olur. Ayrıca bu tez içerisinde elektrik motorları ve ilk hareket kavramaları hakkında bilgi de verilmiştir. IV

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A SYSTEM WHICH IS DRIVEN BY ELECTRIC MOTOR CONNECTED WITH STARTING COUPLING In this thesis. I studied“simulation of a dynamic behavior of a system which is driven by electric motor connected with starting coupling. There are some problems at motor - machine drives. Usually, motor and machine characteristics are improper with each other. For example, we can think driving of a ore mill. Generally, prime mover is a standart squirrel cage induction motor. A reducing gear is mounted between motor and machine. If this type of motors are started under the load, they draw high amperage and generate harmful 1 effects in their conductors and in their circuits. In addition, more resistance occurs at starting, we must need to use oversized motors. For other example, we can think a diesel engine and a machine C a concrete mixer > which has constant resistance moment. A diesel engine can not start up under full load. An engine can support a load after a number of revolution. In both case, we must use some couplings between motor and machine which provide a good starting and operation in any condition. A coupling which do this task is called starting coupling. Starting is important period at machine systems working. In this period, motor supports mass moments and running moment of the machine. Mass moments will be zero at the operating speed. In this speed, motor's moment is only for operating moment. If we don't want to have big and expensive motors, we should select motors according to operating moment. But we should control Mmot = fCn> called moment - speed characteristics. At starting, big motors have high starting moments and work under the load. If motors starting moments are low, working under the load isn't possible.Squirrel cage induction alternating current induction motors and diesel engines, have low starting moments. These motors and engines start up without load. At operating speed, motors and loads are connected. This connection provides by starting couplings. Acceleration period of a electrical motor is one of the most important factors of the motor. If starting loads are high the acceleration period will be lengthy and the motor may dwell at a low speed, producing high torque and correspondingly higher amperage. Overloads continued to the point of stall or zero speed, return the motor to its locked rotor condition where amperage draw is a damaging % 700 of the motor's normal runnig current. The most damaging result from operating motors at high current levels is the heat generated in the electrical conductors. Motor heating is proportional to the square of the current. Also, it is generally acknowledged that insulation is halved for every 10°C increase in insulation temperature. Logically then it becomes obvious that motors should not be allowed for operate for long periods, cumulative or sustained, at torque and current levels excessively higher than their normal operating ratings. Motor acceleration period should not exceed C5-12) seconds. Otherwise, there is a dangerous of burning out the motor. In this study, acceleration periods of the motors are being calculated. If the acceleration period of a motor is less than C5-12) seconds, this motor is proper for this system. There is no burning out problem because of the acceleration period. I prepared computer programs which are calculate acceleration period of a electrical motor. Computer programming language is basic. There are two computer programs. Program 1 is for directly connected motor-machine systems. Program 2 is for motor - machine systems connected with a starting coupling. Results are taken by a graffic in every program. Graffics shows revolution per minute of the motor per second at acceleration period, acceleration period, operating speed. VIFurther» in this thesis. I explanied alternating current elektrical motors and starting couplings. Squirrel cage induction alternating current induction motors are most common. They are called industrial motors. These motors have some advantages: - Their production iş easy, consequently their price isn't expensive. - They are durable» maintenance and starting up are easy. - This type of motors* rotors don't burn out. But stator coils can burn out. - They can start up under loads according to other motors. - Their speed changes a little with load. - They can product for high voltage. However, they have two disadvantages: - At starting, they draw high amperage so occur sudden voltage droppings off. - Speed can not change for every speed. Starting couplings, provide a good starting and have many advantages for motor machine systems: - They cuts duration of high amperage draw normally to less than one second. - Provides equivalent of ”no load“ motor start. - Oversized motors used for starting cause shock loads, bad pover factor, starting. Starting couplings, permits using a motor with capasity nearer the running load. - Starting shock from electric motors is a major cause of maintenance on moving parts. The soft start of starting couplings cuts maintenance, increases life of belts, gears, etc. - Breakage of fragile materials, such as thread, paper is often caused by starting shock. Couplings set for gentle, low torque starting eliminates breakage. VII- Overloads can burn out motors. Starting couplings can be set up to slip before motor is damaged. There are different starting couplings: - Centrifugal couplings. - Magnetic couplings. - Induction couplings. - Hydraulic couplings. - Silicone Fluid drive couplings. Centrifugal Couplings, are based on centrifugal force. They have different kinds of couplings. Comprehension moment is proportional to motor speed. Magnetic Couplings, works by magnetic force. Pratical comprehension moment isn't proportional to slip and speed. It is proportional to exciting current. Their price is expensive. Their dimensions are larger. Induction Couplings, are expensive. However they use up to big powers. Because.they have good adjustment feature. There are always a adjustable slip. Also we can prevent to exceed a certain moment by adjusting exciting”current. Hydraulic couplings, are very common. Moment is transmitted by liquid flow. They are universally applicable power transmitters covering a large power and speed range. They can use in these applications: Diesel driven fork-lift trucks, light traffic motor coaches, lorries, crushing machines, conveying machines, belt conveyors, presses, agitators etc... Hydraulic couplings can be used both in connection with electric motors and with diesel engines. By the speed difference between pump impeller and turbine whell Cslip) a pressure difference is produced in the working space which effects the liquid flow. Thereby, the power transmission? moment) is limited and the prime mover is protected at all speeds against over load. Furthermore, this kind of transmission is associated with such essential advantages as: Facilitated starting, absorption of shock loads, damping of torsional vibrations, increased lifetime of the machine parts. Slicone Fluid Drive, transfers torque through the natural shear resistance of silicone fluid in the space between input and output members. It is a new coupling VIIItype and not very common according to the other starting couplings. It provides remarkable starting, runnig, overload and stall characteristics by actually controlling moment transfer in response driven load speed. Simply stated, an important element of the viscous flow principle maintains that moment transferred is dependent on the width of this fluid filled space. Wide space less moment, narrow space more moment. Generally, starting couplings can use in every application which have high inertia moments: For example, compressors, conveyor C belt >, cranes, crushers, mills, mixers, oven drives, paper mills, pumps, lorries, presses etc... In conculusion, we must use starting couplings if our system has high inertia moments. But we think heat which occur in the starting couplings at acceleration period. If this heat larger than a certain limit. We have to use bigger motors. IX

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