XIX. yüzyılda Japon ve Türk edebiyatında batılılaşma hareketleri ve benzeri yönleri
Westernization movements of the Japanese and Turkish literature in the 19th century and similarities between them
- Tez No: 143713
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. PULAT OTKAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Doğu Dilleri ve Edebiyatı, Eastern Linguistics and Literature
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2004
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Japon Dili ve Edebiyatı Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 135
Özet
I -Özet 19. yy Japon ve Türk Edebiyatlarında batılılaşma hareketleri çalışmasında, her iki ülkenin edebiyat dünyalarında meydana gelen yeniliklerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Özellikle Meiji ve Tanzimat dönemleri tartışma sahası yapılmış elde edilen bulgular karşılaştırılarak benzer ve farklı yönler ortaya konmuştur. Edebiyat dünyasında basit yazının yerini Meiji döneminin başlarında politik romana bırakmasıyla başlayan gelişmeleri, sırasıyla romantizm ve natüralizm ağırlıklı eserler takip etmiştir. Diğer taraftan batı etkisinde gelişen Türk Edebiyatında ise halka yönelme prensibi ile yazılan romanlar ve okunmak için yazılan tiyatro eserleri ağırlıktadır. Dönem olarak aynı yıllara denk gelen çağdaşlaşma hareketleri çerçevesinde model alınan batı edebiyatlarından çok sayıda romanın her iki ülke edebiyatına tanıtılmış olması doğaldır. Bununla birlikte model alınan ülke edebiyatlarındaki örneklerin örtüşmesi de doğal karşılanabilir.Demem o ki, her iki ülke de özellikle batı edebiyatlarını öğrenme ve kendi edebiyatlarına bir şekilde adapte etmek istediği için tanıtılan eserlerin benzerlik göstermesi doğal karşılanmalıdır. Adaptasyon dönemlerinde yapılan çevirilerdeki aksaklıklar da bu tezlerimizi destekler niteliktedir.Ayrıca halkların vermiş olduğu tepkilere baktığımızda da ortaya çıkan benzerliklerin bir derece doğal olduğunu savunabiliriz. Sonuçta o döneme kadar olmayan pek çok yeni edebiyat türü gene o döneme kadar olmayan yeni şekillerle aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır.Geçiş sürecinde Türk yazarların romanların arasına girerek halkı bilgilendirmesi, Japon yazarların özellikle dergi ve gazeteleri aktif olarak kullanarak halkı bilinçlendirmeye çalışması da bu durumun sonucu şeklinde incelenebilir. ^ Değerlendirme sonuçlarında ortaya çıkan tablodaki benzerlikleri 'doğal' olarak nitelendirebileceğimiz diğer hususlardan biri de kuşkusuz farklı taraflarının olmasıyla birlikte her iki ülkeden aydınların Avrupa'ya öğrenim almak amacıyla gitmiş olmalarıdır.Elbette ki ilgi duyulan yenilikleri olduğu yerde 117calxsmalarda bulunma gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu noktadaki farklılık olarak, Japon hükümetlerinin vermiş olduğu desteğe karşın Osmanlı'da yazarların görmüş oldukları muamele ortaya konulabilir. Sonuçta karşımıza çıkan bir diğer doğal netice, Avrupa'dan alınan yeni fikirler ve öğrenilen yeni yöntemler ile gelinen noktada her iki ülkede de özgün eserlerin verilmeye başlanılmış olunmasıdır.Bir diğer deyişle izlenilen yöntemin de doğal olarak benzerlik göstermiş olmasıdır. Bu savı destekleyen de gazete ve dergi gibi basın yayın- organlarının her iki tarafta da aktif olarak kullanılmaya çalışılması ve edebiyattaki gelişmelere sahne yapılmasıdır. Yayınlanan tefrikalarla verilemek istenen mesajların da benzer olduğunu saptamaktayız. Karşımıza çıkan tabloda çoğu benzerliğin doğal sonuç olduğunu düşünüyorum. Ancak, bunun yanında gerçekten ilginç olan bazı sonuçlar da vardır. örneğin aynı edebiyat akımının her iki ülke de farklı seklerde algılanması son derece ilgi çekicidir. Örneğin, naturalist ya da estetik eserlere baktığımızda bu iki akımlardan farklı konuların anlaşıldığını görürüz. Japon estetikçileri özellikle kadın vücutlarındaki estetiği incelerken, durum Türk aydınında farklıdır. Ortaya çıkan benzerlikleri bu şekliyle sınıflandırdıktan sonra farklılıkları da benzer bir şekilde ayırabileceğimizi düşünüyorum. Tez içinde çeşitli yerlerde belirtmeye çalıştığım gibi İki ülkenin pek çok farklılığı ve bu farklılıklara bağlı olarak gelişmiş olan modernleşme çabalarını gözlemlememiz mümkündür.Tarihsel, coğrafi, kültürel, ekonomik vb. farklılıklarını çağdaşlaşma hareketleri içerisinde de görebiliyoruz. 118
Özet (Çeviri)
J-Conclus ion Japanese intellectuals accepted the western influence from the end of the 18thcentury.Contempopary state of mind was adopted by these people. This is a very important reason for us to comprehend why Japan turned its head to the west. In Japan, equality in human wrights, disappearing of class distinction in time, establishment of rationality, totalitarianism and the parliament prepared the background of all the developments. Modern Japan was founded on these basis. It should be said that Japanese people had lived as a closed society for hundreds of years, however, after the movements of Occidentalization, they opened their doors not only to Europe, but also to all the world. In the first part of the Edo Period before becoming contemporary, literature was composed by“bushi”who got the confiuciusian education adapted to Japan and by bushi who were trained to be a Buddhist monk. In addition to this, within a system that passed from father to son it was also produced by Shinto monks. Toward the end of period publishers appeared and the number of the writers who were merchants increased. In this period simple examples of illustrated“kana literature”were given by these people and read by many people. The writers who were bushis getting confiuciusian education used“shina”literature and looked down on kana literature consisted of kan j is in the 6th century. By using the kan j is, they created poetrical and histiorical products of literature. Shinto monks also wrote works of literature by using wakes, traditional poems. It should be pointed out that the works of these people did not appeal to the common people. Afterwards short poems called haiku became popular. Because it was easy to compose these poems, they were written by merchants and farmers as well. Many groups were constituted, the head of them masters. People came together in temples on certain days, wrote hundreds of these short poems, competed with each other for the numbers of poems they wrote, listened to the comments 19of the masters of haiku on the poems, and composed a great number of collected haiku books. These collected haikus first appeared to be manuals, and then, they were changed to the original haiku serials and spread out. As it can be seen, the literature of the Edo period is marked by wakas and haikus. Literature in that period is formed around these two genres. We have no other developments in the long lasting Edo period. I think that the writers who became popular at the end of the period created a transition period. These writers who were trained by the Classical Chinese Education System played an important role in the phase of the preparation of Modern period. On the other hand, these writers are the ones who introduced Japanese Literature in Edo period. Altough Japanese modernization was modelled after European modernization, they basically differ from each other to a great extent. The most important reason of these difference is that Japan is an island country; as a result of this, that is to say, as Japan is not connected with the main continent, the interaction between them was too limited. Actually, when we take a look at the subjects of the works written in the first years of the Meiji period, we can say that the only difference between them and those of the works of the Edo period is location. In the literature of the Edo period called Gesaku, the story is based on the events which people who travel from Kyoto to Edo experience, while one of the main subjects of the works written in the Meiji period is comic events experienced by the people who go from Japan to China or to other countries. Becoming popular of Occidentalization in terms of subject as well happens in the late Meiji period. Altough modern Japanese culture is different from European culture, Japanese intellectual could: realize European state of mind, the best example of those who could appreciate European state of mind was Natsume Soseki.He was one of those who represented modern Japanese intellectual in the best way.Soseki introduced European culture to the Japanese by writing articles on. European culture in 120newspapers. In addition to him Tsubouchi Shöyö, Fukuzawa Yukichi, Nishi Amane, Mori Ögai were very active. In this period there were also some people who objected to Occidentalization. However, they felt relieved though blinding Japanese culture with modern European point of view. In the same period some movements of occidentalization were seen in Ottoman Empire as well. Some reforms which could be used in all fields of life were added to the ongoing changes made to military system. The movements of occidentalization, which usually became a current issue as a result of the pressure put on Ottoman Empire by the Western Countries, turning into beginning point of the westernisation of Turkey as time passed. In both of the countries, together with the beginning of the westernisation, social problems were given importance, however, Japan could take sounder decision in a shorter time in this respect. In Ottoman Empire some decision were taken under the influence of the political depression of the period and under the pressure of the foreign countries, while in Japan there was not such a development.Tanzimat prepared as a result of the pressure from the European governments, and developments and advances experienced between the years 1839-18 7 6 in Ottoman History were not in fact the movements needed or realised by the Turkish people. Altough Turkish literature and modern Japanese developing under the western influence differ from each other in many respects, they have some common aspects. Considering the process of becoming contemporary and the developments in this matter, we can say that the first example which can be given about their different aspects is certainly geographical differences.lt cannot be supposed that Japan, an island country in far east, and Ottoman Empire which was very close to Europe were influenced“ by the western countries to the same degree. Another point that creates a difference between Japan and Ottoman Empire should be considered the historical development process' of these two countries.lt would be unreliable to look from the same point of view at the conditions of the Japanese who lived as closed society for hundreds of years and the 121historical background of the Ottoman Empire that was in a way in interaction with Europe for hundreds of years. In this sense, the movements of westernisation in Ottoman Empire began eighty years earlier than those in Japan, but in fact they were even delayed. Another point though which we can compare the developments in both of the countries is the understanding of leadership of Turkish. In Japan the understanding of acting proper to the group psychology showed its influence in the process of modernization. Other economical reasons were the economic depression Ottoman Empire underwent, Pasarofça Oak (1718) and the capitulations whose conditions got too hard to cope with. Before”Turkish Literature developing under the western influence there was the tradition of classical Ottoman poetry which had gone on for a long time, in contrast to that in Japan. In Meiji Period when European influence could intensely be seen in almost every field, Japanese Literature too was under the influence of European literature. However, during the process of becoming modern, the Japanese characteristics were protected. That is to say on the minds of Japanese there was the idea of becoming modern and contemporary of coming open into the external world, but in the hearts of them there were still traditional cultural elements related to being Japanese. The best example of this situation is that the subjects of the works written completely in European style during this period were taken from traditional Japanese literature. As a result of the movements of Occidentalization, Japanese writers began to translate a great number of works written in Europe into their own language. This is one of the touchstones in Modern Japanese Literature. In a short time, works appealing to everyone were introduced to Japanese- -people previously in an inexperienced way, but later on in the light of the techniques taught. These studies were followed by the original works written by Japanese writers, and afterwards the literary techniques taught, new literary movements and genres became more and more popular among the writers and were introduced to the reader. 122Japanese people who aimed at gaining all kind of new experiences and knowledge closely followed all these developments and assimilated them. At the end we conclude that The question“how should we look at literature to make it a beautiful art?”has been one of the most important questions which have occupied Japanese men of letters in every period. Time is needed to obtain relatively better resulsts in terms of literature. The results obtained by the evaluation of literary outputs are also needed in terms that the literary movement and work's situation in the future can be determined. If we cannot understand the thoughts, lifestyles, traditions and customs of the people living in the country where the literary work has been written, and therefore, if we cannot understand the literature of the country, we cannot comment on the literatures of the world. 123
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