Türk sivil mimarlığında iç mekanda su ögesi ve değerlendirilmesi
The Water component used in the interior living place in the Turkish civil architecture and reviewing its importance
- Tez No: 19429
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. METİN SÖZEN
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1990
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 467
Özet
ÖZET Su olgusu Türklerin islâm öncesi ve sonrası sahip oldukları düşünce ve inanışlar içinde kutsal bir kavram niteliği kazanmıştır. Bu olgu doğal olarak ulus'un kültür ürünlerine bu arada mimari yapıtlarına da yansımıştır. Türklerin yerleşik düzene geçmeleri ile birlikte ver dikleri mimari ürünlerde görülmeye başlanan su düzenleme leri giderek geleneksel bir davranış oluşturmuştur. Mekan tasarımlarında ana programı şekillendiren bu düzenlemeler ulaşılan farklı coğrafi bölgelerde özgün kalıplar içinde tekrarlanıp gelişmiştir. Bu tez kapsamında gün ışığına çıkan örnekleriyle Türklerin ilk yapılaşmalarından itibaren verdikleri bu tür "Tünlerden seçilen 110 örnek üzerinde yapılan değerlendir melerle iç mekanlardaki su kullanım kriterlerinin belirlenmesine çalışılmıştır. Tezin niteliği gereği varılan bulgular yalnız sonuç bölümü kapsamında değil, yapı bazında kritiklerin yapıldığı katalog bölümünde ve ayrı bölümler halinde verilen su kompozisyonlarını oluşturan öğeler, idari yapı oluşumunda su kullanımının yeri, su kullanımlarındaki malzeme, teknik ve bezeme konuları içinde verilmiştir. Analitik değerlendirmeler ve sonuç bölümü, araştırma içinde varılan bu bulguları kalın çizgiler içinde toplamayı amaçlamıştır. Böylece geleneksel mimarinin iç mekanlara karakter kazandıran bir öğesinin ana prensipleri ile kültürel yapının sürekliliğini ve dönemleri-bölgeleri bağlayıcı yönünü ortaya koymanın yanısıra, modern-gelenekçi yaklaşımla, oluşturulması tasarlanan yapılar için bir uygulama bazı sunabilmek hedef alınmaktadır. xi
Özet (Çeviri)
THE WATER COMPONENT USED IN THE INTERIOR LIVING PLACE IN THE TURKISH CIVIL ARCHITECTURE AND REVIEWING ITS IMPORTANCE SUMMARY Dne Df the specific application of the traditional Turkish architecture is using“water composition”which used in interior decoration. This water composition using is not only accept it is a decorative component but also consider it one of the component of the general planned formation. Su much, so that the architectural elements which surrounded the water compositions, were included in the symbol buildings of the Turkish architecture. In Turkish Culture,“the water conception”is of great significance. Beyond tD have its natural function, water has had a different meaning in line with Turco's world point of view and philosphy of their culture and living manner along their all known periods, since they were appeared on the stage of History. The water, which was formed as a sacred conception in their believes, effected the all Turkish Culture Origins as a general action interested in their culture trait along the long eras. liJhich factors effected the water as a sacred concep-4 tion? How has it became so important coneption in their life? As a matter of fact, water is a necessary element providing the continuity of life for all existences in the world. Especially, due to a migratory living in their early known ages of Turcos, it had a great importance. In fact, on the lands not furtile enough where they lived, the water not only gives life tD human but also provides Xllliveliness far their animals on which their human economy was based. And thus, increasingly, it became an undeniable objective for living for the thole creature on those lands. Thus,“water”was formed as a“God”in their thought that gave them life and their life depended on Him. Just as, according to Old Turco's belief,“the Water God”was Dne of whose three Great Gods. Existence of '“Water Cult”were always prolonged as widely in the whole Turco's believes, belonging to the previous İslamism. The Kirghiz Turkish, who depended on the“şamanist”believes, used to sacrifice for the sake of water in their religinus ceramonies.“Bozkurt”Turks, who were“şamanist”too, used to believe that there was an another God for“water”besides rain, wind, winter, summer etc As it is told of in“Altay”myhtology, it was des-isribed in that manner when used to say about“Creation of the earth”that there was nothing but water in the early days, but later everything was created from it by God. An another myht concerning about the existence of the First Father of Turcs was told of such that human was created af mixture of earth, sun heat and water. Water, j which was imagined as a“Creator”or a“God”in Turco's philosophical believes belonging to the Previous islamism, not only kept its own place by the principles of islamism but also lived as a sacred concep tion in -their all traditions and Culture. There is no doubt, the most important preparetive influence which ensured to develop this idea relating the islamic phylosophy is some verses interested in water placed in the Holy Horan in which there are many of them. In the various verses of the Horan interested in“the Creation”is painted out thaf'God“ created the whole existence in the world from water. The Koran, that points out the primary importance of water for liveliness, expresses promised imaginations to whom Dne will be priced by God, while it says about the last future. xmThe main objective in these imaginations is also water. Fountain heads, flowing and splashing waters, rimers are the symbols of the paradies. The gardens, such described, widely characterized both the exterior and interior structure of Turkish Architectural Culture. Passion of symbolizing the eternal life in the world caused that the imaginations which belong to the paradise life have been carried away into the places which we lived in. The water which gained such a sacred meaning by means of trace of the culture belonging to the previous İslamism, under the influence of some Islamic thought, obtained an extra place connected with its this meaning during the formation of architectural traditions. Turkish - Moslem builders paid an extraordinary attention to use the work of art which contained usage of water in the every corner of physical environment in which they lived in order to adapt the conception of water to each moment of living. The states who admitted islamism the first time, ”Warahanlilar“, ”Gazneliler“, ”Samanogullari“, and ”Harzemliler", under, the influence of their culture belonging to the previous islamism, extremely persevered to ornament the main places of their monumental buildings with decorative water motives besides efforts of making some water constructions and conveying system following they began to live as a recident settlement. The Turkish Builders, who gave the water the most beatiful place in their arrangements and ornamented it as a great skillf ulness, established this pleasant thought along the many descents and also made it central grawity of their architectural arrangements. Thus, it was created the models never seen before of stone working in the building elements which consisted water motives. And, these original inventions gave the usage of water conception life and colour. xivThese components personified to the building arran gements with their visual functions. At the same time, with also their phonetic functions, they left traces on the living in these places as a sound of philosophical feature of a nation. I want to point out of the dominant role of the mater that which gave a form to the Turkish architectural traditions. For this reason, the special models, uhich belongs to the period of from beginning of Turkish nation's first settling time to the beginning of the XX. Century, uhich made by them that they were living as a nomad at one time, was selected by a research all around of the other architectural samples. By reviewing of these compositions, it is approac hed that to the dominant criterions of the water idea which played of forming of the traditional architecture. This approaching is made by means of observation the relations of inner and outer decoration, materials, technics, and ornaments which placed in these structures, As a result of this study, it is aimed to confirm the main effects which directed the usage of water conception in the interior places. At the end of this study, it is- given as a seperate Ghapters interested in the water usage criterions which placed on the interior decorations of Turkish architec ture characteristic and beside this the basic components like the spauts, water measurer, fountain cocks which gained and important place on the plastic constructions of the water usage elements. Furtermore, in a seperate chapter, it is shortly touched on the old administration of water supply dist ribution and maintenance which publishing as a result of the wide dimensions of the water usage and its importance, the limit of extending and management systems during the last period of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of my study, there is a directionary which extend the terms as direct or indirect interested in the water usage. xvA tableau is attached ta this research interested in the flat situation at the buildings which has been farming by the traditional mater architecture criterions and covering the flat which has the subject, its types, numbers. An another tableau is including the physical situations of the buildings wich research by means of this study. One of the most dominant target of this study is establishing one of the most importing theme of Turkish application factor for the planning creations which based on by the modern and traditional ways. xvi
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