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Bilgisayar destekli enerji yönetim sistemleri ve kontrol merkezleri

Computer based energy management system and control centres

  1. Tez No: 22061
  2. Yazar: METİN İZGİ
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. NESRİN TARKAN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1992
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 151

Özet

ÖZET Elektrik enerjisinin ülke ekonomisindeki önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, tüketicilere kesinti siz ve kaliteli enerji sağlama zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sürekli artan güç istemi ve daha uzak bölgelere elektrik enerjisi götürme zorunluluğu, güç sis teminin gittikçe daha karmaşık bir hal almasına neden olmaktadır. Günümüzde güç sistemini kontrol etmek için sayısal elektronik ve yazılım alanındaki gelişmelerden yararlanılmaktadır. Çağdaş güç kontrol merkezlerinde, güç sis teminin en iyi çalışma koşullarını elde etmek için bütün işlevler bilgisayar destekli olarak yürütülmektedir. Tezde kontrol merkezlerinde yürütülen işlevler, kontrol işlevlerinin uygulanması ve bunlarla ilgili kavramlar ele alınmıştır. Tezde ayrıca kontrol işlevlerinin karar aşaması için en önemli temel çalışmayı oluşturan durum kestiriminin bir bilgisayar algoritması ve programı verilmiştir. ıx

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY COMPUTER BASED ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND CONTROL CENTRES The daily operation of an electric power system re quires the application of a number of control functions. As the power system grows, its control becomes more com plex. This case necessitate the application of new tech nologies to control of power system. Advances in the fields of digital electronics and software engineering lead to modern control centre, which has computer aided supervisory control and energy management system. The functions of a typical modern control centre are grouped into three distinct groups, resulting in the three sub systems. These are:Ca3 the data acquisition and process ing subsystem, CbD the energy management/automatic gener ation control subsystem, and CcD the security monitoring and control subsystem. The Control System has a multi -level architecture which consist of a National Control Center CNCO, Area Control Centers CACO, and Remote Control Centres CRCO. Numbers of ACC's and RCC's depend on geographical size of country. The Control System has a hierarchical structure, which is formed as a three level. At the top, NCC shares the control of the power system with the ACC's. In par ticular, the NCC is the responsible for all the decisions concerning the security and economic operation of the main transmission network, which has highest voltage in country. ACC's assigned to second level. Each of ACC's car ried out the NCC* s instructions pertaining to its partic ular area; is directly responsible for operation of the sub-transmission system within its sphere of authority; makes decisions to cope with any local emergencies; and supervises the state of the network by supplying instruc tions to the station personnel or to the RCC's. Whereas the NCC and ACC's major concern is addressedto the entire power system, in order to achieve the high est continuity and the best economics of operation, the RCC's are in charge of operation of unmanned power sta tions and transmission stations. The assignment of remote control functions to a third level, like the RCC's, is justified by the large number of stations which are remote controlled within each area. A modern control centre* s functions implemented as software packages. The control system software can be grouped into four broad classes as follows: - System software - Application support software - Energy control software - Network security software The System Software includes the operating systems, and diagnostics. Application Support Software uses the system software to support energy control software. It performs the generalized functions such as data manage ment, supervisory control and data acquisition. Energy Control Software is oriented towards the application of the control system and uses the support of the system software and application support software. Network Secu rity Software provides the network analysis, network study, and network security functions. At an early stage in the evolutionary growth of an electric power utility, one manned station is typically given the authority to coordinate the operation of the few other stations on the system so as to obtain an ade quate level of supply reliability and economy of opera tion. As the utility grows, the coordination Job becomes increasingly complex and time consuming. The utility typically begins to seek means of increasing the effec tiveness its system operating function. Improvements in reliability and economy of operation are achieved by the installation of Energy Management.'Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition CEMSy'SCADAD systems. An EMS/“SCADA sys tem can contribute to good economic performance overall by supporting the efforts of the operating staff to achieve minimum cost operation commensurate with the desired level of reliability of customer supply. The state estimation is an important function of the EMS/ SCADA system. Decision phase of the most of the control functions is based on state estimation. The state esti mator is a data processing algorithm which transforms meter readings and other information into an estimate of the system's state C voltage magnitudes and phase angles xiat all nodes). A modified decoupled linear programming technique for state estimation gives more accurate solu tion in less computational time. An EMS/SCADA system has mainly following facilities. - SCADA and related software facilities - Extended real-time software - Load shedding and restoration - Generator scheduling and control The major features of the SCADA software are alarm/ event acquisition and processing, telecontrol, measurand acquisition and processing» and telemetering. Extended real-time software provides facilities for checking simu lated operations prior to performing network changing, and for verifying the displayed information. These are necessary to provide reliable and secure operation of the network. In the event of gradually falling frequency on the network, operator decide to shed load. If power de mands exceed the target levels, falling frequency will be occur. In the control sytems a large amount of the data necessary for generator scheduling and control are directly available from the SCADA system. Utilising this data, the planning algorithms model the generating plant. Load Frequency Control CLFO and Economic Pi spat ch CED3, the two components of Automatic Generation Control CAGO, were both introduced during the mid 19SO*s and still use the original solution strategy although now im- lemented on digital computers. In the meantime the met hodology for systems and for digital computers has advan ced greatly. A three-stage, three-task method, which utilizes modern tools of digital control and of control theory. It is efficient and effective. It results in both a cost-optimal generation CEDD, and a smooth and tight control of net tie-line loads CLFO. There is the opportunity in the power system, which has SCADA, for using the load data being monitored in reactive power control, inputting it to an algorithm in the SCADA master computers, and letting the computer de cide every 15 minutes whether or not each capacitor bank was needed. This method is called SCADA capasitor con trol CCAPCONZ). By using CAPCON, on the distribution level, power factor and service voltage is improved. Oil the transmission, MVAr flow is minimized. xiiA new overall approach is presented to the selective network protection problem in the frame work of computer control of the power system in normal and emergency con ditions. The result is an inherently adaptive selective protection based on the concept of the minimal nested protection units. This system uses no explicite individ ual relays but it is a systemwide interacting computer control. Adherence to classical concept such as distance relays has became an impediment on developing selective protection which actually exploits the potential of di gital computer technology. These classics were ingenious developments in an age when microprocessors were built of steel, copper and an aluminium disk. Much more effective selective protection should be possible in todays techno logical context. The primary objective of power system operation is to maintain as high a level of system security as possible. This is equivalent to maximizing the ability of the power system to remain operating in the normal state or minimizing the frequency and duration of excursions into the emergency and restorative states. To accomplish this objective, system operators must have the support of control and information systems, managed and coordinated at the power system control center. In a power system, the objective of security control is to avoid a danger, as far as possible at the least- cost. Security control includes a sequence of 3 func tions: danger detection, decision making, decision appli cation. Decision-making by the human operator and the functioning of automated processes depend upon the capa bilities and ef f ecti viness of the control and information facilities that are available, primarily, at the power system control center. The design of control centers continues to be influenced to a very large by considera tions of system security. The effectiveness of modern power system operation control and operation planning strongly depends on acquiring and securing the system data. The complete and reliable knowledge of the system state during normal and disturbed operating conditions is an important prerequi site for the secure and economic supply of electrical e- nergy. The increasing extent of power control system causes more security monitor and control requirements and a large number of application programs. This faet results in development of the real-time data base for power secu rity control system. The data base comprises the man/ma- hine interface and program calling packages. xiiiA number of”performance improvement features were designed and implemented in a database management system CDBMS3. The performance oriented DBMS is of the rela tional model. The DBMS was specifically developed for real-time energy management and control systems CEMSD for electric utilities. xiv

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