Arazi kullanım-ulaşım etkileşimi ve erişebilirlik : İstanbul için bir değerlendirme
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 39406
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. GÜNDÜZ ATALIK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 107
Özet
ÖZET Ulaşım, çeşitli ölçeklerdeki gelişme dinamiklerini yönlendirmesi ve yüksek yatırım maliyeti gerektirmesi bakımından, planlama konuları arasında öncelikli bir öneme sahiptir. Ulaşımın arazi kullanımıyla iliskilendirilmesi ise, geçmişin ve günün koşullarını açıklayabilmesi ve geleceğe ilişkin kestirimlerin yapılabilmesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, arazi kul lanım-ulasım etkileşimi ve erişilebilirlik konusu, ekonomik-davranıssal yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde ele alınarak, İstanbul metropoliten kent alanında fiziksel ve ekonomik anlamda erişilebilirliğin, yoğunluk dağılımı üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğu saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma başlıca altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde, konunun seçilme nedenleri, amaç ve kapsamı belirtilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, arazi kul lanım-ulasım etkileşimi çerçevesindeki ekonomik-davranıssal yaklaşımların kuramsal temelleri, arazi kul lanım-ulaşım etkileşiminin temel kavramı olan erişilebilirlik, kurama yöneltilen eleştiriler, yeni yaklaşımlar ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerin ulaşım sorunları incelenmiştir. üçüncü bölümde. Türkiye'de arazi kul lanım-ulasım etkileşimi konusundaki yaklaşımlar ve yapılan çalışmalar, kent içi ulaşım sisteminin sorunları, amaçlar, ilkeler, politikalar ve yasal düzenleme önerileri değerlendirilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, çalışma alanı olarak seçilen İstanbul'un ulaşım sorunlarının nedenlerini ve boyutlarını anlayabilmek için. arazi kullanım ve ulaşım karakteristikleri incelenmiştir. Besinci bölümde, İstanbul'da kent sorunlarının başında gelen erişilebilirliğin, yoğunluk dağılımını nasıl etkilediği, yoğunluğun bağımlı, arazi değeri ve ulaşım süresinin ise bağımsız değişkenler olarak ele alındığı çoklu regresyon yöntemiyle saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise, genel bir değerlendirmeye yer veri lmiştir. viiiLAND USE-TRANSPORTATION INTERACTION AND ACCESSIBILITY AN EVALUATION ON ISTANBUL SUMMARY Transportation has special importance among the issues that are related to planning, because it influences the development dynamics and requires a considerable investment cost. On the other hand, the relationship between transportation and land use enables the researchers to explain past and present conditions and to predict the changes in the future. Based on these considerations, the major aim of this study is to find out the effects of physical and economical accessibility on the population distribution in Istanbul by taking into consideration the concepts of land use-transportation relationships and accessibility in the context of economical -behavioral approaches. This study consists of six parts. In the first part, the aim, importance and scope of the study were examined. In the second part, land use and transportation relationships were analyzed. Land use-transportation relationships can be examined into two major streams» namely economic-behavioral and mathematical programming or network equilibrium. This study focuses on the economic-behavioral approaches. Economic-behavioral approaches are based on economic fundamentals of utility and profit maximization. According to this approach, land is allocated to different uses on the basis of factor prices, including transport costs. The previous studies that are based on economic -behavioral approaches are related to two main models. One of these models is monocentric, the other is polycentric model which is one of the subjects frequently discussed in the literature. Monocentric models were stemmed from the studies of Von Thunen. Wingo and Alonso. On the other hand, theoretical framework of polycentric models were based on the models developed by Christaller and Lösch. IXActually, the basic concept underlying the relationship between land use and transportation is“accessibility”and this study examines accessibility in terms of its effects on both urban growth and urban form within the context of theoretical and historical framework. The word“accessibility”refers to various concepts related to the question of people's access to some desired activities and more precisely to generalised costs ( in terms of time, money,...) to overcome barriers to such activities. The concept of accessibility can be examined into two aspects : physical and economical accessibility. Recent empirical and theoretical studies conducted at both analytical and operational levels according to the needs of urban and transport planning have increased the importance of the concept of physical accessibility and facilitated its usage. Recent approaches on land use and transportation relationships are based on the criticisms directed to location theory. Furthermore, the analysis of changes in the structure of economic activity and the effects of these changes on transportation and land use relationships are other important considerations. The importance of both traditional access considerations and accessibility itself have been decreased, because of approximately homogenous population distribution in the contemporary metropolitan areas and modern transportation technology. Thus location theory is insufficient to explain different systems in the contemporary metropolitan areas. Actually, there is no any integrated theory which relates specific economic and institutional conditions to particular spatial forms, because of the lack of empirical studies about multicentric cities. For this reason, developing a theory or typology of polycentric urban areas should be top priority for future research. Different socio-economic conditions of both developing and developed countries should be taken into consideration in the analysis of the subjects of land use-transportations relationships and accessibility. The importance of accessibility has decreased in metropolitan areas of developed countries, whereas this concept still keep its importance in developing countries which have different socio-economic characteristics in their metropolitan areas. In the third part, the current approaches and studies about land use-transportation relationships in Turkey were investigated. Furthermore, the problems of urban transportation, the aims, fundamentals, policies and the suggestions related to legal regulations were evaluated x$ in this part. Turkey has some certain socio-economic characteristics and growth dynamics that are similar to the common characteristics developing countries. On the other hand, the problems of transportation systems in metropolitan areas of developing countries such as increasing costs, congestion, pollution, energy use and traffic accidents are also among the serious problems of urban transport systems in Turkey. In the fourth parts, the characteristics of land use and transportation relations were analyzed in order to explain the underlying reasons and dimensions of transportation problems in Istanbul. Undoubtedly, Istanbul is a typical city which has intensive transportation problems. Actually, Istanbul as the largest metropolitan city of Turkey has the same problems seen in other developing countries and migration is the most important factor that increases the intensity of these problems. On the other hand, metro which is one of the main characteristics of many metropolitan cities has not been taken a place yet in the transportation systems in Istanbul. For this reason, accessibility one of the main problems in Istanbul. In this study, the nature of population distribution in Istanbul was analyzed in terms of physical and economic accessibility. Population density, employment, land price and accessibility to CBD (Central Business District) were examined for 20 sectors which consisted of 108 traffic zones and the sensitivity of densities according to the changes in both land prices and accessibility to CBD was analyzed. In general both land price and travel time is an exponential function of population density. So, the relationship between travel time and density can be stated as follows: Y = A e-1 where ; y «= population density x = distance to CBD On the other hand, an exponential function is also relevant for the relation between land price and population density. Within this framework, in this study population density and employment density were XIdetermined as dependent variables» while travel time and land price were accepted as independent variables and population distribution in Istanbul metropolitan area was analyzed in terms of travel time and land price. In this study, although different equations were taken into consideration, log-linear function was found to be the appropriate and effective one. For this reason, the function that constitutes a base for the model is the following: y = a-.bK.+. d M The logarithmic form of the above equation is; log y = log a + b log Xi + c log Xs where ; y = density xt = land price x2 = travel time The parameters of the logarithmic function cited above were estimated by using“Least Square”method. TSP 6.0 statistical analysis programme was used in the estimation of these parameters. The results of statistical analysis indicate that an increase of one unit in travel time decreases the employment density by 1.5 units. On the other hand, an increase of one unit in land price leads to 0.43 units increase in employment density. This result indicates that employment density is very sensitive to the changes in travel time whereas, it is not sensitive to the changes in land price. An increase of one unit in travel time leads to the nearly same amount (0.93) of increase in population density, while, an increase of one unit in land price increases population density by 0.27 units. This result also indicate that travel time is effective factor on population density. When the function of population density and the function of employment density are evaluated together, it can be seen that access time to CBD is very effective factor. XIIThat's why, contrary to other metropolitan areas in the world, accessibility is still an important factor for Istanbul. Actually it is not possible to present more detailed explanations about the issue, because of the context and restrictions of this study. Undoubtedly it can be more effective to find out a detail or broad solutions by taking into consideration a large number of variables, hence to evaluate the other developing centers and the development pattern in the city. xm
Özet (Çeviri)
LAND USE-TRANSPORTATION INTERACTION AND ACCESSIBILITY AN EVALUATION ON ISTANBUL SUMMARY Transportation has special importance among the issues that are related to planning, because it influences the development dynamics and requires a considerable investment cost. On the other hand, the relationship between transportation and land use enables the researchers to explain past and present conditions and to predict the changes in the future. Based on these considerations, the major aim of this study is to find out the effects of physical and economical accessibility on the population distribution in Istanbul by taking into consideration the concepts of land use-transportation relationships and accessibility in the context of economical -behavioral approaches. This study consists of six parts. In the first part, the aim, importance and scope of the study were examined. In the second part, land use and transportation relationships were analyzed. Land use-transportation relationships can be examined into two major streams» namely economic-behavioral and mathematical programming or network equilibrium. This study focuses on the economic-behavioral approaches. Economic-behavioral approaches are based on economic fundamentals of utility and profit maximization. According to this approach, land is allocated to different uses on the basis of factor prices, including transport costs. The previous studies that are based on economic -behavioral approaches are related to two main models. One of these models is monocentric, the other is polycentric model which is one of the subjects frequently discussed in the literature. Monocentric models were stemmed from the studies of Von Thunen. Wingo and Alonso. On the other hand, theoretical framework of polycentric models were based on the models developed by Christaller and Lösch. IXActually, the basic concept underlying the relationship between land use and transportation is“accessibility”and this study examines accessibility in terms of its effects on both urban growth and urban form within the context of theoretical and historical framework. The word“accessibility”refers to various concepts related to the question of people's access to some desired activities and more precisely to generalised costs ( in terms of time, money,...) to overcome barriers to such activities. The concept of accessibility can be examined into two aspects : physical and economical accessibility. Recent empirical and theoretical studies conducted at both analytical and operational levels according to the needs of urban and transport planning have increased the importance of the concept of physical accessibility and facilitated its usage. Recent approaches on land use and transportation relationships are based on the criticisms directed to location theory. Furthermore, the analysis of changes in the structure of economic activity and the effects of these changes on transportation and land use relationships are other important considerations. The importance of both traditional access considerations and accessibility itself have been decreased, because of approximately homogenous population distribution in the contemporary metropolitan areas and modern transportation technology. Thus location theory is insufficient to explain different systems in the contemporary metropolitan areas. Actually, there is no any integrated theory which relates specific economic and institutional conditions to particular spatial forms, because of the lack of empirical studies about multicentric cities. For this reason, developing a theory or typology of polycentric urban areas should be top priority for future research. Different socio-economic conditions of both developing and developed countries should be taken into consideration in the analysis of the subjects of land use-transportations relationships and accessibility. The importance of accessibility has decreased in metropolitan areas of developed countries, whereas this concept still keep its importance in developing countries which have different socio-economic characteristics in their metropolitan areas. In the third part, the current approaches and studies about land use-transportation relationships in Turkey were investigated. Furthermore, the problems of urban transportation, the aims, fundamentals, policies and the suggestions related to legal regulations were evaluated x$ in this part. Turkey has some certain socio-economic characteristics and growth dynamics that are similar to the common characteristics developing countries. On the other hand, the problems of transportation systems in metropolitan areas of developing countries such as increasing costs, congestion, pollution, energy use and traffic accidents are also among the serious problems of urban transport systems in Turkey. In the fourth parts, the characteristics of land use and transportation relations were analyzed in order to explain the underlying reasons and dimensions of transportation problems in Istanbul. Undoubtedly, Istanbul is a typical city which has intensive transportation problems. Actually, Istanbul as the largest metropolitan city of Turkey has the same problems seen in other developing countries and migration is the most important factor that increases the intensity of these problems. On the other hand, metro which is one of the main characteristics of many metropolitan cities has not been taken a place yet in the transportation systems in Istanbul. For this reason, accessibility one of the main problems in Istanbul. In this study, the nature of population distribution in Istanbul was analyzed in terms of physical and economic accessibility. Population density, employment, land price and accessibility to CBD (Central Business District) were examined for 20 sectors which consisted of 108 traffic zones and the sensitivity of densities according to the changes in both land prices and accessibility to CBD was analyzed. In general both land price and travel time is an exponential function of population density. So, the relationship between travel time and density can be stated as follows: Y = A e-1 where ; y «= population density x = distance to CBD On the other hand, an exponential function is also relevant for the relation between land price and population density. Within this framework, in this study population density and employment density were XIdetermined as dependent variables» while travel time and land price were accepted as independent variables and population distribution in Istanbul metropolitan area was analyzed in terms of travel time and land price. In this study, although different equations were taken into consideration, log-linear function was found to be the appropriate and effective one. For this reason, the function that constitutes a base for the model is the following: y = a-.bK.+. d M The logarithmic form of the above equation is; log y = log a + b log Xi + c log Xs where ; y = density xt = land price x2 = travel time The parameters of the logarithmic function cited above were estimated by using“Least Square”method. TSP 6.0 statistical analysis programme was used in the estimation of these parameters. The results of statistical analysis indicate that an increase of one unit in travel time decreases the employment density by 1.5 units. On the other hand, an increase of one unit in land price leads to 0.43 units increase in employment density. This result indicates that employment density is very sensitive to the changes in travel time whereas, it is not sensitive to the changes in land price. An increase of one unit in travel time leads to the nearly same amount (0.93) of increase in population density, while, an increase of one unit in land price increases population density by 0.27 units. This result also indicate that travel time is effective factor on population density. When the function of population density and the function of employment density are evaluated together, it can be seen that access time to CBD is very effective factor. XIIThat's why, contrary to other metropolitan areas in the world, accessibility is still an important factor for Istanbul. Actually it is not possible to present more detailed explanations about the issue, because of the context and restrictions of this study. Undoubtedly it can be more effective to find out a detail or broad solutions by taking into consideration a large number of variables, hence to evaluate the other developing centers and the development pattern in the city. xm
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