Torture, law, and politics in the Late Ottoman Empire (1840-1918)
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- Tez No: 402317
- Danışmanlar: DR. KHALED FAHMY
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Tarih, History
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2015
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: New York University
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Ortadoğu ve İslam Ülkeleri İktisat Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 255
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
This dissertation studies the consistent and systematic official Ottoman policy to legally ban torture that emerged in the mid-‐nineteenth century. I explore mainly why the practice of torture was legally banned and how this policy was implemented from the mid-‐nineteenth up until the early twentieth century. Through the prism of the legal ban on torture, this dissertation also traces an essential transformation in the legal and political system of the Ottoman Empire, in both theory and practice; specifically, as regards the way political power was exercised at quotidian level. This dissertation argues that the legal ban on torture emerged at the intersection between the emergence of a categorical disavowal of the use of discretion in exercising political power, a radically innovative notion of justice underlay by the principle of equality, and a structural transformation in the Ottoman criminal law system. By nature, the practice of torture was essentially contradictory to the ruling elite's new idea of equality before the law and their new vision of state administration according to which the day-‐to-‐day functioning of bureaucracy must be standardized and predictable. Furthermore, by the development of new criminal legal mechanisms, as a method of criminal investigation and legal punishment, the practice of torture became largely redundant. This dissertation further argues that the legal ban on torture was a consciously and thoroughly elaborated response of the Ottoman ruling elite to the legitimacy crisis that the state had been undergoing by the mid-‐nineteenth century. By locating the legal ban on torture at the heart of the Tanzimat reform project, at the crossroads of its overarching policies, I also argue that this reform project was not a blind imitation of the Western European political principles and methods of government, or a project that was imposed on Ottoman politicians by European diplomats, as commonly argued by the historiography on late Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, by relying on copious archival records, most significantly, criminal legal court records and various forms of official correspondence, this dissertation demonstrates that the legal ban on torture was applied into practice effectively and was a significant domain through which political power was negotiated between the ruling elite and Ottoman subjects. In this respect, I locate a categorical consistency and continuity over time during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Thereby, this study argues finally that the underlying principles behind the legal ban on torture and Tanzimat reform project, namely, rule of law and equality between individuals before the law, materialized on the ground consistently over time, regardless of the variety in political forms.
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