Management of soil organic carbon using farmyard manure in Murcia province, SE Spain
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- Tez No: 403068
- Danışmanlar: DR. ANGEL FAZ CANO, DR. AHMET RUHİ MERMUT
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Ziraat, Agriculture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2015
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 159
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
Understanding of the global carbon cycle is fundamental to evaluate the storage and fluxes between the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the pedosphere. Soils contain the largest“active”terrestrial carbon pool on Earth, and through soil respiration, annual flux of CO2 to the atmosphere. Changes in land use and agricultural activities during the past 200 years have made soils act as net sources of atmospheric CO2. Experimental studies suggest that carbon losses due to oxidation and erosion can be reversed with soil management practices that can minimize the soil disturbance and increase plant yield, through commercial and organic fertilization. Improved land management can result in a significant amount of increasing rate of carbon sequestration. Application of pig slurry (PS) may increase soil fertility and thus enhance the crop production potential. The objectives of this thesis are to: determine the effects of different doses of manure applications on soil C cycle, monitor the changes in soil properties, soil-water-plant (cereal) system with manure application, identify sustainable amount of manure to mix with the soil system to minimize the possibility of environmental pollution in Guadalentin Valley, characterize physical-chemical properties of leachates after the application of pig slurry and determine carbon balance in undisturbed soil columns, monitor quantitative and qualitative carbon in the soil system, determine functional group of soil organic matter using 13C NMR spectra. Large amount of organic residues, including pig slurry (PS), are added to agricultural lands every year which have significant effects on the C flux in the soil. Three different doses of PS on a silty loam soil were applied: Single (D1), Double (D2), Triple (D3) and unfertilized plots (C) served as controls. Additions of pig slurry to soils at agronomic rates (D1) to match crop nutrient requirements showed that the soil quality improved with the applications of PS, depending on the soil characteristics in the semiarid regions. Dose 1 (D1) is the agronomic rate of N-requirement (170 kg N/ha/yr) (European Directive 91/676/CEE) and appears to be very appropriate in term of sustainable crop production. The yield decrease in D2 and D3 in comparison to D1 were attributed to accumulation of salt existing in the PS applied. This appears to be a limiting factor for the amount of PS that can be applied. Soil OC was increased with increased amount of PS applied. Total of 9 undisturbed soil columns were used in a separate study. They were amended with low dose (LD) (129.7 mL) and high dose (HD) (389.2 mL) of PS with three replications, considering the N content by Spanish legislations. Irrigation was carried out on weekly bases by simulating the monthly rainfall events of the area. Pig slurry application on the soil has been a common practice in Spain in last decades. However, there is limited information, pig slurry impact on soil and plant carbon dynamics. From the column studies we found that PS applications have a greater effect on increasing organic carbon (OC) levels in the terrestrial ecosystem, but rapid oxidation do not allow significant accumulation in the soil. The topsoils (0-10 cm) have sequestered 15.84 and 24.68% (1.97 and 3.15 tonnes OC ha-1) with LD and HD, respectively. Carbon leaching in the control column showed 0.68% (0.09 tonnes OC ha- 1) loss of OC in one year, which was insignificant. A large portion of the added OC was accumulated in the subsoil owing to the higher leaching in the medium textured soil studied. We concluded, the benefits from the use of PS application depend on the soil management practices and environmental factors. We suggested that the amount of application doses should be calculated on the basis of detailed measurement of C dynamics in the soil. Information about the use of the natural δ13C abundance technique to study the dynamics of soil organic matter turnover is rather limited. The main source of organic carbon in the soil derived from the vegetation cover and other source could be recent application organic residue disposals such as pig slurry. The isotopic 13C compositions of both sources are significantly different. This may help to investigate the fate of added organic substances to the soil. We investigated the long-term effects of pig slurry on the distribution of stable carbon isotope ratio in a silty loam soil with cereal cultivation in the Southeast of the Spain, in order to elucidate the mechanism by which SOC was recycled in the silty loam soil ecosystem. Three different doses of PS: 170 kg N ha-1 yr-1, 340 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and, 510 kg N ha-1 yr-1, were compared with a control in a non-irrigated Mediterranean environment. Our conclusions are: (i) soils were considerably enriched in δ13C values with D1 application; (ii) δ13C values were higher in second years application in the soil and plant; (iii) δ13C values of organic C was lower at depth, suggesting that the leached organic carbon was mainly added carbon. Significant correlation exists between carbon isotopic values of organic carbon and pig slurry. This means that the stable isotope composition of the soil and plant are all affected by pig slurry application Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a valuable tool for the characterization of organic matter and decomposition processes in the soil. One of the advantages of NMR spectroscopy is that it can be used as a non-invasive method for solid soil samples or any added organic sources. Artificial additives, such as pig slurry, can also be detected in soils or individual soil fractions. Under semiarid climate condition soils are poor in organic matter contentment and light textured. Low organic matter contents of soil effects the quality of spectra and quantitative interpretation of such spectra becomes difficult and sometimes impossible. The aim of this chapter was to determine and interpret the 13CP-MAS NMR spectra of soil organic matter treated with pig slurry. The result showed that Alkyl, Metoxyl, diO-alkyl and phenolic were not changed significantly. But Aromatics and Carboxyl group in functional groups of organic matter were improved by the removal of sand fraction. This technique appeared to be very valuable in terms of determining which functional groups are more resistant to decomposition and fate of added organic constituents (amendments) to the soil.
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