Dokunmuş kumaş terbiyesi ve örgü kumaş terbiyesi atıksularının arıtma alternatifleri
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 46179
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. HASAN ALİ SAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 185
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dokunmuş Kumaş ve Örgü Kumaş Terbiyesi kategorisine giren Tekstil Sanayi atıksularının kirlenme yönünden kategorizasyonunun yapılması ve atıksuların kimyasal ve/veya biyolojik yöntemlerle arıtılmasının incelenmesidir. Bu amaç çerçevesinde yapılan çalışmalar aşağıda özetlenmiştir. Dokunmuş Kumaş ve Örgü Kumaş Terbiyesi kategorisindeki endüstri literatür olarak tanımlanmıştır. Söz konusu kategorilere giren İstanbul'daki tekstil fabrikaları incelenmek üzere seçilmiştir. Seçim yapılırken, arıtma yöntemlerinin birbirinden farklı metodlar olmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Öncelikle fabrikaların üretimi yerinde incelenmiş, daha sonra arıtma tesisi giriş ve çıkışlarından numuneler alınarak, tesise ait geçmiş yıllardaki bilgiler de incelenip, tesisin genel sorunları hakkında yorumlar yapılmıştır. Arıtma tesisi verimleri hesaplanmış olup, kıyaslama yapılmıştır. 30.V
Özet (Çeviri)
In this study, the situation of textile mills having woven fabric finishing mills, knit fabric finishing mills has handled. Textile mill operations include a number of wet and dry processes each of which may require several mechanical manipulations. As a general rule however, the majority ofall aqueous waste from the textile industry can be described in four separate categories. 1) Scouring 2) Bleaching 3) Dyeing or printing 4) Special finishing Textile wastes are generally, gray in color or the color of the predominant dye being used, high in BOD and total dissolved solids, highly alkaline and high in temperature. The wastes usually exhibit extreme variability in strength and flow and also may at times contain toxic compounds. The basic factors which determine quantity and quality are therefore 1) The type of fiber being processed. 2) The unit operations comprising the overall textile process 3) The chemical used in process and the degree of“in-house”conservation measures being practiced. Two categories of textile mills; woven fabric finishing mills and knit fabric finishing mills are selected in this study. Woven Fabric Finishing Mill : This category is one of the most important, because such plants constitute much of the wastewater effluent load in the included industry. Integrated woven fabric finishing mills are included in this category. Because the grelge goods section of these mills contributes only a small amount of the overall effluent load. This category is characterized by the following unit operations : desiring, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, resin treatment, water proofing, flame proofing, soil repellency application and application of special XVfinishes. This category encompasses mills which finish woven goods (or integrated greige goods and finishing mills) Wet processes which are used in finishing woven greige fabric may be divided into two groups; those used to remove impurities, clean or modify the cloth; and those in which a chemical is added to the cloth. The first of these groups includes desizing scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, carbonizing and fulling. Only cotton and cotton blends are mercerized. The last two of these processes are used only on wool and wool blends. The second group of the processes includes dyeing, printing resin treatment, water proofing, soil repellency and a few special finishes whose use represent a very small proportion of the total. Certain fabrics, including denims and some drapery goods, are“loom finished”. In production of these goods, the warp yarns are dyed, woven to a fabric, and the fabric finished with a permanent size. For these fabrics, the first group of processes listed above (cleaning and preparing the cloth) is avoided entirely. The degree of finishing necessary to provide fabric ready for sale depends significantly on the fiber(s) being processed. The natural fibers cotton and wool) contain substantial impurities, even after they have been woven as greige goods, and require special treatments to convert them to the completly white, uniformly absorbent form that is essential for dyeing, resin treatment, etc. Synthetic fibers contain only those impurities that were necessary for manufacture of the fiber and spinning to obtain yarn. Knit Fabric Finishing Mill : The knitting industry is characterized by a large number of plants and structure organized along specialized product segment. The major segments are knit fabric piece goods, hosiery, outerwear, and underwear. The knit fabric finishing mill category is characterized by the following unit operations : bleaching, dyeing, printing, resin treatment, water proofing, flame proofing, soil repellency application and application of special finishes. The main difference between woven and knit fabric finishing is that the sizing/desizing and mercerizing operations are not required for knit, therefore raw waste load levels are lower. Textile Industry, one of the most rapidly developing industrial branch in Turkey, has a great importance because of consuming large amount of water and pollutant parameters. It is shown that textile mills have started to control, theirs disposals via constructing treatment plants, within the frame of the enforcement related to prevention of the environmental pollution issues. XVIİn this study, the situation of textile mills (woven fabric finishing mills, knit fabric finishing mills) having dyeing, printing processes has handled. The sources and characteristics of wastewater also developing biological and chemical treatment alternatives of textile industry mills (woven fabric finishing mills, knit fabric finishing mills) has been investigated. Treatment alternatives are compared, investigated to determine a suitable treatment plant. - Extended aeration - Pure oxygen activated sludge - Activated sludge with diffuser - Rotating biological disc - Coagulation flocculation with lime, P.E., alum (A^SQ^) - Coagulation flocculation with lime, P.E., FeCl3 - Coagulation flocculation with lime, P.E., Fe S04 - Combined system, chemical precipitation and biological treatment In this study, it has been selected eleven factories which have different type treatment plant for their wastewater. Samples have been taken from influent and effluent of treatment plants. Some analysis have done to determine the characteristics parameters of textile industry : COD, BOD5, pH, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphor, Sulfate, Suspended solid. Analysis have done in İSKÎ's laboratory according to“standard”methods for examination of water and wastewater Also the aim of this study is to define the wastewater characterization of textile industry with the help of experimental data, found by taking samples from treatment plant influent and gathered from the industry. The pollution profile has been prepared. The total process wastewater concentrations and discharge are considered in daily averages for the assessment of pollution profiles. In this case, various studies have been done in factories to calculate its discharge values. Then the wastewater characterization done in this study is compared with literature values. The efficiency of each type treatment plant is calculated and compared with each other it has shown that efficiency of biological treatment plant is higher than chemical treatment but maximum efficiency is found in the combined system, chemical and biological treatment. Efficiency of different type of treatment plants has been found as following - Pure oxygen activated sludge 75 % - Activated sludge with diffuser 72 % - Extended aeration 69 % - Rotating biological disc 70 % - Coagulation flocculation with lime, P.E., alum (A12(S04)3) 83 % - Coagulation flocculation with lime, P.E., FeCl3 76 % - Coagulation flocculation with lime, P.E., Fe S04 67 % XVH- Combined system, chemical precipitation and biological treatment 92 % In the small factory; the amount of discharge changes irregularly. For the same factory the amount of discharge can be 500 m3/day once, while it can be zero for other times. This type of factories because of the small area problem and the different amount of discharge irregularly have preferred the chemical treatment plant. In the plant FeS04, lime, polyelectrolyse have been used usually for coagulation and flocculation. Sülfürdioksit has been used for neutralization. Also this type of factories have used sodium sulfate as stabilizator in dyeing. For this reason,; the concentration of sulfate increases rapidly in the treatment plant effluent. It reaches to even 5000 mg/lt To eliminate this problem, NaCl can be used as a stabilizator in dyeing. Other preference is to use CO2 or HC1 instead of FeS04. In this type of factory, it has concluded that chemical treatment plants are operated when the controlling team comes and wastewater is discharging into the receiving water or sewerage system directly via a by pass channel in the other times. The reason of this can be concluded as, operation problems requirement of extra operation costs or creating engravingless competition and having no satisfy knowledge. Developing on applicable monitoring and controlling technique by the authority will be the most appropriate solution in this situation. To prefer biological treatment instead of the chemical treatment, purposes are; 1) The amount of wastewater treatment sludge is higher in chemical treatment than biological treatment. 2) Operation expenditure of biological treatment is lower than chemical treatment plants. 3) Efficiency of biological treatment is higher than chemical treatment plant. 4) Chemical treatment plant causes high sulfate concentration and neutralization difficulties. Although the concentration of parameters in biological treatment effluent is much more lower than the concentration of permitted level in ÎSKÎ's regulation some problems (such as sulfate) can be seen. If sodium sulfate is used in dyeing as a stabilizator, also H2S04 is used in neutralization. The sulfate concentration increases rapidly in treatment plant effluent, to eliminate this problem, NaCl can be used as a stabilizator in dyeing. Other preference is to use CO2 or HC1 instead of HaS04' Bozkurt Mensucat Industry and Trade Inc. have pure oxygen activated sludge, hi this study the samples have been taken from the influent and the effluent of pure oxygen activated sludge plants. Experiments were done to determine the concentration of the characteristic parameters. The chemical oxygen demand xvmremoval efficiency is calculated as 75 %. The preference of pure oxygen activated sludge is due to; 1) Small area is need compared to other activated sludge system 2) Minimize the operation cost 3) To regulate pure oxygen according to the amount of discharge and pollution degree of wastewater. 4) Organic materials + 02 + Aerobic microorganisms -» C02 + H20 + Excess microorganisms In the other type of activated sludge system, formation of C02 is outed from aeration tank by mechanic aerator but in pure oxygen activated sludge system, C02 as a liquid cause to decrease pH from 11 to 7,5. This condition saves the amount of money used for neutralization. 5) No foam 6) Less sludge In this study; it has been calculated 70 % chemical oxygen demand remcull efficiency of rotating biological disc process also. We know that the many and varied rotating biological disc system applications include individual homes, shipboard, community subdivisions, parks, motels, schools, large municipal and many industrial waste treatment installations. Industrial waste treatment installations using this system include dairy, brewery paper and pulp distillery, paltry, canning, petroleum and textile industries high treatment performance, without full-time non productive waste treatment operators, has encouraged many industries to install the rotating biological disc system if the wastewater is amenable to biological wastewater treatment. The rotating biological disc wastewater treatment system can be used most effectively. Low cost construction of simple standard components, extremely low power consumption and many other operating features encourage the use of the rotating biological disc system. These operating features include economical power, minimal maintenance, off the shelf spare parts and unskilled personnel to produce the high level of wastewater quality. There is not any sewerage system to discharge wastewater in area of the same factories. Then wastewater is discharging into the receiving water and these factories must treat their wastewater effluent according to permitted level of parameters in“Water Pollution Control Regulation”. Then, active carbon, sand filtration can be added to end of the treatment plant. It is known that cotton dyeing requires process water in good quality. In Istanbul textile factories have 10 % and 20 % synthetic dyeing near cotton dyeing. Disperse dyeing used in synthetic type does not require good quality water as well as reactive dyeing used in cotton. For this reason; if factory has active carbon and sand filtration at the end of its treatment plant, treated Water can be used in disperse dyeing. XK
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