Dokunmuş ve örgü kumaş terbiyesi atıksularının arıtılması ve arıtma maliyeti
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55553
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. İSMAİL TORÖZ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 77
Özet
ÖZET Tekstil endüstrisi ekonomiye olan büyük katkısı ve birçok insana iş imkanı sağlayan Türkiye'nin en önemli ve hızla gelişen endüstrisidir. Bu çalışmada dokunmuş ve örgü kumaş terbiyesi işlemleri, bu işlemlerde kullanılan boya türleri ve kimyasallar verilmektedir. Uluslararası literatürde su kullanımı ve tekstil endüstrisi kirlilik yükleri tanımlandıktan sonra İstanbul'da faaliyet gösteren 1 1 adet pamuklu ve polyester kumaş terbiyesi, iplik üretim ve terbiyesi tesisine ait üretim ve arıtma sistemleri tanıtılmaktadır. Bu firmaların arıtma tesisi verimleri ve arıtma maliyetleri belirlenmiştir. Tekstil atıksularının arıtılması konusunda Avrupa'daki yaklaşımlar ve ileri arıtma ile tekstil atıksularının geri kazanılması yönündeki uygulamalar özetlenmektedir. XI
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY TREATMENT OF WOVEN AND KNIT FABRIC FINISHING MILLS EFFLUENT AND TREATMENT COST Textile industry is one of the most important and rapidly developing industrial sector in Turkey, which employs a large number of people and provides a great amount of income to the Turkish economy. In contrast to its substantial role in the Turkish economy, this industrial sector draws considerable attention in terms of its environmental impact, since it consumes enormous amount of process water and produces great amount of highly polluted effluent. In this study, the situation of textile milss (wovan fabric finishing mills, knit fabric finishing mills) having dyeing, printing processes has handled. The sources and characteristics of wastewater also developing biological and chemical treatment alternatives of textile industry mills has been investigated. It has been selected eleven factories and samples have been taken from effluent of treatments plants. Some analysis have done to determine the characteristics parameters of textile industry: COD, BOD5, pH, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphor, Sulfate, Suspended solid. In Istanbul, factories because of the small area problem and the different amount of discharge irregularly have preferred the chemical treatment plant. In the plant FeS04, lime, polyelectrolyse have been used usually for coagulation and flocculation. Also this type of factories have used sodium sulfate as stabilization in dyeing. For this reason; the concentration of sulfate increases repidly in the treatment plant effluent. All pollutant matter, including dyeing and finishing chemicals not fixed on the fibre, is carried in the works effluent and by one route or XIIanother enters the receiving waters, which may be a river, stream or lake, or even the ground water. Today these waters are often over loaded as a result of heavy industrialization. Most of the pollution load arises in wet finishing treatments, and here again the quantities vary enormously from process to process. The size and desizing, bleaching, washing and dyeing biggest source of pollution in textile waste waters. Many wet processors possess their own treatment plants and are currently actively interested in decolorisation techniques either by filtration. The wet processor is able to minimisehis effluent problem by adopting three main approaches:. reducing the volume and toxicity of his discharges.. recycling and reusing useful constituents, such as water and colorant. adopting alternative 'greener' chemicals and processing methods. As well as blending the different effluent streams, floating and settleable solids must be removed before the water can be treated, as undissolved matter of that kind can cause serious trouble at a later stage. This is another operation to be carried out by the mill itself, because if fibre particles or traces of resins and so on are allowed to enter the receiving waters directly, they cna cause mortality among fish by clogging their gills, or, if discharged into sewers, they can cause bad blockages. These two operations of blending and removal of solids constitute the first stage of effluent treatment. The next stage is the removal of biodagradable substances by oxidation. There are various possibilities, and mention will only be made of the biological oxidation treatment, which is the treatment most commonly used today, with suitable pretreatment, textile wastes are generally amenable to thorough purification in conventional plant, either alone or in admixture with domestic sewage. Some 90% of finishers, not only in the UK but also in Europe, discharge to sewer and the effluent is treated by the local sewage treatment plant before being discharged to a water course. The advantage to the finisher is that capital investment and operational responsibility are kept to a minimum. The majority of finishers have always considered that these advantages outweigh the disadvantages of cost. There are certain restrictions on parameters such as temperature and pH, and on certain chamicals; these apply in the consent limit on discharge to the sewer. Water authorities are obliged to accept domestic sewage, but there is no automatic right of discharge for industrial trade effluent. Hence the Xlllauthorities are looking much more carefully at the composition of the effluent being discharged from the textile finishing industry. For the textile finisher the choice between thoroughly treating his effluent on site and having it treated at a sewage works (if in practice the choise actually exists) is, as far as treatment by conventional means is concerned, essenatially the difference between providing the necessary equipment and staffing and paying for these facilities to be provided for him. The question of relative costs is therefore very important. What is clear, however, is that complete freedom from other than financial commitment cannot be quaranteed by making use of sewage-treatment facilities. Unless the effluent is a particularly small fraction of the total waste flow, any necessary pretreatment which is not already provided within the sewage plant must be given before the effluent enters the sewerage system. Such pretreatments are thus common to the purification sequences for both separate and combined treatments, and for this reason have received considerable attention. Those effluent preteatments which may be employed as part of the conventional processing sequence are generally required to enable the main biological process to work, to enable it to work most, consistently and relaibly, or to enable the overall cost of treatment to be reduced. The most widely used operations of neutralization, flow-balancing and sedimentation normally act respectively in these ways, neutralization to provide a pH in the range necessary for microbial growth, flow- balancing to provide the most uniform possible loading on the plant and sedimentation to provide a cheaper method of removing solid matter. Satisfactory microbial growth requires more than simply the maintanance of a suitable pH and is responsible for the imposition of other specific limits, e.g., on heavy metals, just as the protection of the sewerage systems imposes further conditions. Nevertheless, pH correction is one of the most important requirements for textile effluents and the use, as appropriate, of lime or caustic soda or of mineral acids, is widely practised. To prefer biological treatment instead of the chemical treatment, purposes are; 1. Amount of wastewater treatment sludge is higher in chemical treatment than biological treatment. 2. Operation expenditure of biological treatment is lower than chemical treatment plants. 3. Efficiency of biological treatment is higher than chemical treatment plant. 4. Chemical treatment plant causes high sulfate concentration and neutralization difficulties. XIVAlone, the processes of screening, sedimentation, flotation and filtration are capable of providing only a limited degree of purification, but they have certain general advantages in simplicity and intelligibility. They are commonly essential pretreatments for the more sophisticated adsorption and membrane processes, and developments in this area are therefore not unimportant. The oxidation of waste matter using dissolved atmospheric oxygen with the aid of inorganic catalysts is in a sense the direct chemical counterpart of the aerobic biological oxidation process. Oxidation by chemical means, in particular with chlorine and ozone, is frequently referred to, but published information is relatively sparse and has been mainly concerned with colour removal. Whilst the chemical costs lie between 8 and 15 DM, depending on the concentration and method, differences in order of magnitude are found when related to cubic metres of effluent. This is easy to understand since, in one case, one kilogram of the dye is present in 5 m3 and in 50 litres in the other, and the quantities of chemicals used are based on the harmful pollutant load and not on the amount of effluent. Thus, costs of about DM 2 for dilute and DM 180 for concentrated solutions are obtained. For this reason, other methods can be considered for concentrates, as an alternative to treatment with oxidising agents or flacculants, the costs of which are not at all, or only slightly, dependent on the concentration of harmful pollutants. For the incineration of liquid wastes by industrial disposal methods costs of up to 2000 DM/m3 are known. This is why a prior concentration stage should be given, even up to dry solid waste if applicable. The separation for 20 gr/1 up to solid matter is 50. In addition,the operating costs for evaporation which, depending on plant design and heat recovery, amount to DM 1. - up to DM 12. must be included. According to this calculation, evaporation and incineration as well as low pressure wet oxidation (costs of 20-50 DM/m3 depending on size of plant) represent a more cost-effective alternative to chemical processing on the whole, since these can be justified for effluents with concentrations of harmful pollutants. At present, in the Turkish textile industry, only a few factories have attempted to employ the membrane processes. However, in near future, because of the water supply shortage, the increasing cost of water and the impacts of the environmental pollution prevention, the membrane recovery techniques will be inevitable for the sector. Moreover, just like the 'ecological textile' concept which has recently been introduced to the sector, the 'ecological processes in textiles' concept is also likely to be under consideration. XVIn this study, it has concluded that chemical treatment plants are operated when the controlling team comes and wastewater is discharging into the receiving water or sewerage system directly via a by pass channel in the other times. The reason of this can be concluded as, operation problems requirement of extra operation costs or creating engravingless competition and having no satisfy knowledge. Due to insufficient power of enforcement, it is both very difficult to control industrial activity and to prevent the water sources which face serious pollution problems. XVI
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