Türkiye için ileri arıtmanın maliyet boyutu
The Cost of advanced wastewater treatment plants for Turkey
- Tez No: 46254
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. CUMALİ KINACI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1995
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 128
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada esas olarak Türkiye' de su kalitesi standartlarına azot, fosfor ve çözünmüş oksijen limitleri konulması halinde arıtma tesisleri maliyetlerinde meydana gelecek artış çeşitli arıtma sistemleri için debiye bağlı olarak araştırılmış, ileri antma-debi ilişkileri grafikler halinde çizilmiş ve konvansiyonel arıtma ile“ konvansiyonel + ileri ”arıtmanın maliyetleri karşılaştırmalı olarak yorumlanmıştır. Tezin birinci bölümünde, genel ekonomik durum ve atıksu arıtma seviyesi bakımından Türkiye' ye çok benzeyen Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Ülkeleri için yapılan uygun atıksu yönetim stratejisinin tesbiti konulu araştırma detaylı olarak verilmiş, ayrıca bu tez çalışmasının amaç ve kapsamı açıklanmıştır. ikinci bölümde ileri arıtma prosesleri kısaca tanıtıldıktan sonra, bu tezle ilgisi bakımından azot ve fosfor giderme teknikleri ile son havalandırma prosesi hakkında detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde genel hatlarıyla su kalite standartları hakkında bilgi verilmiş; azot, fosfor ve çözünmüş oksijen parametrelerinin Türk standartlarındaki yeri tartışılmıştır. Tezin dördüncü bölümünde, seçilen 5 ayrı alternatif arıtma prosesinin toplam maliyet-debi grafikleri elde edilmiş ve limitleri sağlayan en ekonomik alternatif olarak“kireçle fosfor giderme + aktif çamur + amonyak sıyırma + son havalandırma”sistemi belirlenmiştir. Genel bir yaklaşımla fosfor ve azot giderimi ile çözünmüş oksijen seviyesini yükseltmenin toplam maliyeti tam karışımlı nitrifikasyon halinde yaklaşık 2 - 2.5 katma, hava ile amonyak sıyırma halinde yaklaşık 1.2 - 1.4 katma çıkardığı tesbit edilmiştir. Türkiye şartlarında 1 m3 atıksuyun“ konvansiyonel + ileri ”arıtmaya tabi tutulması halinde maliyetin debiye bağlı olarak değişimi grafikler halinde sunulmuştur. Beşinci bölümde ise bu çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar özetlenmiştir. VII
Özet (Çeviri)
THE COST OF ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS FOR TURKEY SUMMARY Basically in this thesis, when some limitations are put to nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved oxygen in the standards of water quality in Turkey, the increase in the cost of wastewater treatment is investigated with flow rate for different advenced treatment. The relation between advanced wastewater treatment and flow rate is drawn in graphics, and the cost of conventional treatment and“ conventional + advanced ”wastewater treatment is considered comperatively. The first part of the thesis, the process that is interested in the confirmation of suitable wastewater management strategies that is realized for Middle and Eastern Europe countries which show similarities with Turkey in the case of the level of wastewater treatment and general economic conditions. In the second part, after the brief description of advanced wastewater treatment processes, the detail information about the technique of the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus and the process of post aeration is given. The purpose of this part is to choose the best suitable alternative among many different advanced wastewater processes. In the third part, the information about the receiving water and drainage standards is given and a short criticism is done on these standards. In the present time the limits of nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved oxygen are not available in any standards except Water Products Regulations (WPR). The harsh limits are put in WPR beyond the standards of other developed countries. For example the limit of 0.02 mg/L is put for phosphorus consantration. On the other hand, the level of pollution in water sources, and in the bays such as izmit, İzmir, Haliç, and in inland sea such as Marmara Sea is considered strictly the subject of surging of aplace for nitrogen and phosphorus limits in the standards is began to discuss. Therefore, knowing of the size of the advanced wastewater treatment cost is very important. In the forth part of the thesis, 5 alternatives are choosen to decrease nitrogen, phosphorus consantration to a considerate rate, and to increase dissolved oxygen consantration to a considered value. These processes are, mechanical treatment + removal of phosphorus by lime addition + biological treatment + denitrification + post aeration. In this formula the alternatives that are occurred by changing the processes in nitrification and biological treatment evaluated according to cost. For the biological tratment step complete-mix activated sludge, tricklig filter and biodisc, for the nitrification step complete-mix nitrification proces, biodisc and trickling filter, and as the removal of nitrogen process, counter and cross air stripping, and the removal of ammonia are choosen as alternatives. For the removal of phosphorus process, instead of biological procedures that are not having found a wide processing field yet, the removal of phosphorus by addition of lime ( sedimentation ) process from which a high output is obtained by experience and an accumulation of knowledge is settled, is available. As a quality of drainage water, the target of NH3 (and TNK) construction is 2 mg/L and ortophosphorus (P04) consantration is not below lmg/L, dissolved oxygen consantration is treated water is not above 5 mg/L is considered. The selected systems are sized to provide the limits that are given above, by treated raw domestic wastewater and according to this the cost of the process is calculated. Sludge treatment and field prices are included to the cost calculation. In this cost calculation, Comperative Refmevent Programme which developed by Tuna (1995) is used. In cost calculation, beside unit prices of Bayındırlık Bakanlığı, iller Bank, DSİ, İSKİ, in some parts of free market prices are used. The selected alternative treatment systems is calculated for 800, 3000, 6000, 17000, 40000, 67500, 125000, 250 000 m3/day. flow rate.Total project cost, is found by calculation of amortisation cost, workmenship cost, energy cost, material cost & chemical agent cost seperately. So, the preliminary investment cost for each process, and the cost of operation-maintanance are determined seperately, and the cost variation which is correspond to flow rate is shown in graphics. While the amortisation is added to the total cost the decrease of value is not considered. According to total cost, among the alternatives, the most economic one is ammonia stripping by air, the most expensive one is complete-mix nitrification process. Biofilm systems (biodisc and trickling filter), is between these two process. While the cost of operation and maintenance, is compared with first investment it is seen that the cost the former is higher than later. The cost of operation and maintenance in high flow rate is 4 times more than first investment. The alternatives can be compared in the base of 1 m3 wastewater treatment cost. The total cost of 1 m3 wastewater treatment is found by calculating the annual divertion of project cost. According to the cost of wastewater treatment in the unit valume, the most economic system is ammonia stripping by air and other systems is arranged as biodisc, trickling filter and complete- mix nitrification processes. While the cost of 1 m3 watewater treatment in small flow rate is approximately 1 $/m3, in big flow rate it decrease to 0.1 ~ 0.2 $/m3. This results shows that the size in which a treatment plant can be operated economically will be determined. An other treatment process is post aeration. Post aertaion especially is considered for inhabitance which discharges watewater such as Istanbul, if it is considered that 1 332 000 m3/day. wastewater discharge is obtained from Istanbul in 1990, although the standard of 50 mg/L BOD5 is supplied, aproximately 67 ton. BOD5 is to be discharged to Marmara Sea. This value is equal to the amount of untreated wastewater of 1110000 person which is discharged to receiving water. Therefore increasing of dissolved oxygen consantration is important for the projection of receiving water. From this point on the cost of post aeration process is obtained by calculating different flow rates, cost-flow rate graphics is determined. XVIn the case of complete-mix biodisc and trickling filter and nitrification the cost of post aeration is approximately same. This means that the dissolved oxygen consantration of the water discharges from these processes is same. As oppose to this, in the case of ammonia stripping by air, the post aeration system is too low. For example, the flow rate of 250000 m3/day if ammonia stripping by air process is used the post aeration system becomes 10 times cheaper. Carbon is obtained by the comparison curve of the cost of conventional treatment & advanced treatment. From these curves it is seen that advanced treatment in the state of ammonia stripping by air is more economical than complete-mix nitrification. Advanced treatment, as oppose to conventional treatment is more in low values and less in high flow rate. At the end of this thesis, in Turkish standards to decrease nitrogen & phosphorus to a considered rate, to increase dissolved oxygen consantration at least 5 mg/L, the total cost must be increased in the case of complete- mix nitrification, and 1.2 ~ 1.4 times in ammonia stripping by air, is determined. An other results of the thesis in the case of the supplimentation of finance, it is considered suitable by the construction of mechanical treatment bioligical treatment, removal of phosphorus, removal of nitrogen, post aeration processes in different times, upgrading. But in this case at the beginning the wastewater management policy must be formed, and it is necessary to design the watewater treatment plant is to be developed by time. In this thesis also, the highest cost in advanced treatment is the cost of operation-maintanence and in this cost, the biggest part is belong to the consume of energy. Therefore, in the development of wastewater, the projects for decreasing the consumation of energy should be realized. In a middle size inhabitation for cities (around P=200000 - 300 000 person) the cost of 1 m3 wastewater treatment except sludge treatment is approximately 0.3 $/m3. This value is smaller than 0.4 $/m3 which is the cost of advised system for Middle and Eastern Europe by Henze & Odegaard (1994).In receiving water in Turkey although quality of water and wastewater drainage standards are complement of one an other in conflict with available standards. The standards must be neither harmfull for the usafe purpose of receiving water nor strick for the application of it. It will raise the applicability by considering the standards with the cost size of applicable treatment technologies. XVI»
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