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Enerji kökenli So2 emisyonlarının incelenmesi ve hava kalitesine etkilerinin modellenmesi: Gebze örneği

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 46508
  2. Yazar: HÜLYA ÖZDEMİR
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. HASANCAN OKUTAN
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1995
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 65

Özet

Bu çalışmada, yoğun sanayi ve yerleşim bölgesi olan Gebze, pilot bölge olarak seçilmiştir. Hava kirliliğine neden olan nokta ve alan kaynaklar bazında, kış mevsimi göz önüne alınarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Gebze' de hava kirliliği ölçüm istasyonu bulunmamaktadır. SO2 emisyon miktarlarım belirlemek için emisyon faktörü bağıntısından yararlanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gebze' de yakıt tüketimi ile ilgili bir anket çalışması yapılarak, muhtarlıklardan mahalleler bazında nüfus tespit edilmiş ve kullanılan yakıtların tip, miktar ve özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Gebze' de mevcut durum SO2 emisyonlarının hava kalitesine etkilerini belirlemek üzere 1/10000 ölçekli Gebze haritası 500 x 500 m2' lik gridlere bölünmüştür. Sanayi tesislerinden oluşan nokta kaynaklar, atmosfere oldukça yüklü miktarda emisyon bırakmaları açısından önemlidir. Yapılan anket çalışması ile bu kaynakların herbirinin baca çapı, baca yükseldiği, çıkış sıcaklığı, çıkış hızı, yakıt cinsi ve miktarı gibi veriler derlenmiştir. Belirgin oranda kirletici üretmeyen küçük endüstriler emisyon envanteri kapsamına alınmamıştır. Anket sonuçlarına göre, sanayi tesislerinden bazılarının SO2 emisyon miktarları bellidir. SO2 emiyon miktarları belli olmayan sanayi tesislerinin, kış mevsimindeki emisyon miktarları kullanılan yakıtların özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak emisyon faktörü bağıntısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan anket çalışması ile Gebze' de mahalleler bazında yakıt tüketim miktarları ve türü belirlenmiş, muhtarlıklardan mahalle nüfusları alınmıştır. Anket sonuçlarından yararlanılarak kişi başına düşen yakıt miktarı ( ton kömür/kişi ) bulunmuştur. Yakıt tüketim oranlarından yararlanılarak miktarları hesaplanan her yakıt türü için, emisyon faktörü bağıntısı kullanılarak SO2 emisyon miktarları bulunmuş ve gridler bazında, emisyon envanterine aktarılmıştır. Mevcut durumdaki SO2 emisyon envanteri değerleri, Amerikan EPA onaylı ISCLT modeline yüklenmiştir. Ayrıca kış sezonu rüzgar hızı ve yönü gibi parametreler de veri olarak girilmiştir. Model sonuçlarına göre, Gebze' de enerji kökenli SO2 emisyonlanmn mevcut durumda hava kalitesine etkisinin, şehir merkezinde 88 ug/m3 olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu değer, uzun vadeli sınır değer olan 150 ug/ m3 ile karşılaştırıldığmda, Gebze' de mevcut durumdaki SO2 emisyon miktarının, sınır değerin yansım şşmış durumda olduğu görülmektedir.

Özet (Çeviri)

The elements and interplay of an air quality impact analysis are presented in Figure. The pollutand emissions from sources and atmospheric interactions determine the quality of air, and the effects on receptors establish the extend to which air quality is degraded. Were it not for the effects, air quality would be of passing interest Atmospheric interactions 7 Pollutant emissions z Sources ? Air quality Effects \ Receptors Air quality- the technical elements. Anthropogenic sources of air pollutants categories : mobile sources and stationary sources, automobiles, trucks, buses, aircraft, ships, sources ' include electric power utility boilers, boilers and furnaces, refineries, and industrial include a combination of mobile and stationary communuties ) are called ' compaund sources \ generate mobile source activity ( shopping centers called ' indirect sources '. are divided in to two ' mobil sources ' include and railroads. ' Stationary commercial and domestic processing. Sources which sources ( airports, urban Finally, sources which, sporting pacilities ) are VISources emit a variety of particulate and gaseous pollutants into the atmosphere. Once the pollutants enter the atmosphere, many interactions occur. First, the pollutants are diluted upon injection into the atmosphere with a resultant decrease in concentration. Winds then act to transport the pollutants and promote additional mixing. Some pollutants may participate in chemical reactions while in transport as a result, the quality of air at a receptor is determined by the type and amound of pollutants emitted upwind and the extend of atmospheric interaction ( dispersion and chemical change) that has occured during trassport from the source to the receptor. A receptor is any object affected adversly by the quality of air to which it is exposed. Receptors include human being, vegetation, and materials. The public typically judges air quality by visibility. Unfortunately, the quality of air is determined by more than visibility alone Many of the pollutants in the ambient air are particles and gases that cannot been seen. Special instruments are required to measure the concentration of these particles and gases. The air quality is formally described by comparing the measured ambient concentration to established standarts. Air quality standarts are set for thase pollutant species that affect the public healt Standarts are also set to protect resources of interest to the public welfare such as agricultural crops, ornamental crops, and materials. When pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere, they are immediately diluted, transported, and mixed with the surrounding air, The role of air quality modelling is to reprisent these processes mathematically. Air pollution has become a significant problem in many of provinces of Turkey. The problem is multidimentional requires a systematic involvilg all the variable reach feasible solution. The application of current air pollution regulations pased some problems. Air pollution in Gebze has been reached to enormous levels during recent years. Pollution has been generated by low quality fuel, industry and also by traffic. It is obrions and inevitable to use clean fuel, to take the necessary measures in the heat isolation subjects of building, and to consider air pollution in the preparation of zoning and construction plans. It is obligatory now to taket the necessary measures to reduce the pollution generated by urban traffic. hi recent years. there has been a growing interest in interboundary transport of pollutants. In order to develop effective emission control strategies, the relationship between source and receptor should be identified. vnThe long-range transport models are accepted as the most economical tools define source - recepyor relationship. For the determination of long term air quality, ISCLT models were utizized, respactively, S02 emissions of the existing industries were calculated using emission factors. The scenario reflects the existing emissions. In this study, S02 emission inventor for Gebze, was developed based on emission factors 500 x 500 m EMEP system and its extension to Gebze was used as grid system. Emission of an over Gebze were calculated. The industrial Sources Complex Term ( ISCLT ) dispersion model was firt written by J F Bjorkiund and S C Cheney of the HE Cramer Company Ihc in 1979 umder the funding and supervision of the office of Air quality Planning and standarts, United State Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ). ' Breeze Air ( ISCLT) ' air pollution dispersion model is one of the many computer sofwares developed by trinity Consultants Inc based on the ISCLT model. The software is a menu-dnven system that makes using khe model fast, easy and accurate. The program is divided into sequence of operation and a series of eight files are created by three indivicual packages of the program. A source data (.PNT ) file is created by the ISCLT when the source data is entered. The meteorological data is stored in a ' star ' summary file (.STR ) which contains the annual average frequency distribution of stability and wind speed combination for up 16 wind directions. All the data needed for the model run is contained in a data file (.dat ). All three data files (. PNT,.STR,.DAT ) is required when the model program runs and the result is written to a list file (.LST ) which contains all the input information and the calculate concentrations or depositions at each receptor point Breeze Air Graphic and Surfer is a menu driven system and allow to create 2 - dimensional and 3 - dimensional plot from an input files. A raw graphic file (.RAW ) is generated by the ISCLT model during the ISCLT run. Useful information is extracted from the raw data file by the Breeze Air Graphic program and is written into an input fşle (.INP ). This input file contains the calculated results and coordinates of the receptors in a x, y, z format, anduse to generate a grid file (.GRD ) which records the results and the receptors in gridded format Topo program from the surfer graphicpackage, which is developed by Golden Software Ihc, USA, is used to create the 2 - D countur map and Surf program is used for the 3 - d surface plot Both the Topo and Surf program saves the data in a plot (.PL T ) file which can be printed out by a printer or a plotter. vmSequence Of Operations The ISCLT is a steady - state Gaussian model, incorporating monthly. seasonal or annual frequency distributions of wind speed, wind direction and stability category, and is used to assess pollutant concentrations / depositions from a wide variety of sources associated with an industrial source complex. In the Gaussian plume approach the expanding plume has a Gaussian, or normal, distributions. The concentration at any point ( x, y, z ) is given by the equation below: = _S_ _exp exp_(z-He)2 + exp (z + HeV 2IlCTyCrzu 2a2 2ctz 2o* IXwhere Q= emission rate u= wind speed x,y,z = along wind, cross wind and vertical distance h = effective emission heigh oy,oz = standart derivation of horizontal and vertical concentration respectively in the plume. Gaussian Plume Distribution According to the model result, the effect of S02 emission resulted by energy sources in Gebze, on the air quality in the center of city 88 ug/m. Tt has been seen that this value of S02 emissions quantity in Gebze, when compared the long term limit value, that is 150 ug/m3.

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