Biomass valorization for the production of value-added chemicals and bio-fuels
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 523435
- Danışmanlar: Prof. SIGLINDA PERATHONER, Prof. FRANCESCO DI RENZO
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Kimya, Metalurji Mühendisliği, Chemistry, Metallurgical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Biomass, valorisation, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF, 5-furandicarboxylic acid, FDCA, spinel, cobalt-iron, copper-manganese
- Yıl: 2017
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Universita' degli Studi di Messina
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 122
Özet
Özet yok.
Özet (Çeviri)
The 'energy' is a paramount term in the micro and macro scale and has a very broad concept. The wealth level and entire economic activities of humankind strongly depend on energy. It drives all the advanced systems that frontier technology has already reached today as it meets our basic needs such as heating, cooling, and lighting. Since the industrial revolution, the demand and supply for energy has been snowballing dramatically and this trend will be continued owing to the increasing world population, and new technologies. The overwhelming majority of energy supplies come from diminishing fossil fuels that brings several economic, social and environmental problems together. Therefore, the research and technological development in alternative energy sources in particular biomass and biofuels have been increasing, with the goal of providing an alternative, sustainable and renewable source of energy and chemicals.[1] Through bio-refinery, many value added chemicals and fuels can be obtained from biomass.[2] Hence, the transformation of abundant biomass resources into chemicals is quite significant and attractive from the viewpoint of sustainable chemistry. Annually, 170 billion metric tons of biomass is produced in nature by photosynthesis and composition of terrestrial biomass, which consists of three main components of lignocellulose; cellulose (40–50%), hemicellulose (25–35%) and lignin (15–20%). [3],[4],[5] The kind of biomass used is important for the biofuel categorization, which refers to the first, second, and third generation biofuels, as well as the technique involved in The 'energy' is a paramount term in the micro and macro scale and has a very broad concept. The wealth level and entire economic activities of humankind strongly depend on energy. It drives all the advanced systems that frontier technology has already reached today as it meets our basic needs such as heating, cooling, and lighting. Since the industrial revolution, the demand and supply for energy has been snowballing dramatically and this trend will be continued owing to the increasing world population, and new technologies. The overwhelming majority of energy supplies come from diminishing fossil fuels that brings several economic, social and environmental problems together. Therefore, the research and technological development in alternative energy sources in particular biomass and biofuels have been increasing, with the goal of providing an alternative, sustainable and renewable source of energy and chemicals.[1] Through bio-refinery, many value added chemicals and fuels can be obtained from biomass.[2] Hence, the transformation of abundant biomass resources into chemicals is quite significant and attractive from the viewpoint of sustainable chemistry. Annually, 170 billion metric tons of biomass is produced in nature by photosynthesis and composition of terrestrial biomass, which consists of three main components of lignocellulose; cellulose (40–50%), hemicellulose (25–35%) and lignin (15–20%). [3],[4],[5] The kind of biomass used is important for the biofuel categorization, which refers to the first, second, and third generation biofuels, as well as the technique involved in Although homogeneous catalysts are effective for this reaction, because of the drawback of homogeneous catalytic systems, heterogeneous catalysts can be employed.[21] In the literature, the use of noble metal based catalysts are more common than non-noble metal catalysts. Nevertheless, more research with non-noble transition metals for the HMF oxidation reactions need to be conducted to understand their catalytic mechanism and also to develop higher performance catalysts with abundant non-noble metals owing to their cheaper price and environmentally benign. Inorganic materials with spinel structures with are versatile compounds offering tunable composition, structural stability and possibility for bifunctional redox properties. The general formula for spinel compounds is AB2O4, in which A2+ metal ions occupy the tetrahedral (td) sites while the B3+ metal ions occupy the octahedral (Oh) sites within the fcc oxygen sublattices in a cubic crystal system.[22] The occupation of metals at Td and Oh sites have an influence on the spinel properties such as magnetic behavior, conductivity, and catalytic activity etc.[23] Co-Fe spinels have been shown to be effective oxidation catalysts, for instance for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde[24] and the oxidative decomposition of organic pollutants.[25] Cu-Mn spinels have been proposed as catalysts for oxygenate reforming[26],[27] and water gas shift reaction.[28] In this work, two series of mixed oxide catalysts with nominal composition M13-xM2xO4 have been synthesized with non-noble metals, wherein M1=Co and M2=Fe or M1=Cu and M2=Mn, by cost effective co-precipitation method. Each serie consists of 5 catalysts with the cation fractions M2/(M1+M2) of 0.00, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.00. The catalysts have been characterised using XRD, EDX, N2 physisorption, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM and TPR techniques, then employed in the successive oxidation reactions of biomass derived HMF, to several value added chemicals, which have a diverse portfolio of applications in various industries, including maleic anhydride (MA), 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and FDCA, which is essential for future generation of bio-plastics. The oxidation reaction products of HMF were analyzed by Although homogeneous catalysts are effective for this reaction, because of the drawback of homogeneous catalytic systems, heterogeneous catalysts can be employed.[21] In the literature, the use of noble metal based catalysts are more common than non-noble metal catalysts. Nevertheless, more research with non-noble transition metals for the HMF oxidation reactions need to be conducted to understand their catalytic mechanism and also to develop higher performance catalysts with abundant non-noble metals owing to their cheaper price and environmentally benign. Inorganic materials with spinel structures with are versatile compounds offering tunable composition, structural stability and possibility for bifunctional redox properties. The general formula for spinel compounds is AB2O4, in which A2+ metal ions occupy the tetrahedral (td) sites while the B3+ metal ions occupy the octahedral (Oh) sites within the fcc oxygen sublattices in a cubic crystal system.[22] The occupation of metals at Td and Oh sites have an influence on the spinel properties such as magnetic behavior, conductivity, and catalytic activity etc.[23] Co-Fe spinels have been shown to be effective oxidation catalysts, for instance for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde[24] and the oxidative decomposition of organic pollutants.[25] Cu-Mn spinels have been proposed as catalysts for oxygenate reforming[26],[27] and water gas shift reaction.[28] In this work, two series of mixed oxide catalysts with nominal composition M13-xM2xO4 have been synthesized with non-noble metals, wherein M1=Co and M2=Fe or M1=Cu and M2=Mn, by cost effective co-precipitation method. Each serie consists of 5 catalysts with the cation fractions M2/(M1+M2) of 0.00, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, 1.00. The catalysts have been characterised using XRD, EDX, N2 physisorption, FT-IR, UV-VIS, TEM and TPR techniques, then employed in the successive oxidation reactions of biomass derived HMF, to several value added chemicals, which have a diverse portfolio of applications in various industries, including maleic anhydride (MA), 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and FDCA, which is essential for future generation of bio-plastics. The oxidation reaction products of HMF were analyzed by catalysts. In the Cu-Mn system, the Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel proved an effective catalyst but the role of residual CuO and amorphous Mn oxides is worth further investigation. In the Fe-Co system, the high activity of Co-rich mixed spinels is clearly related to their peculiar cation distribution. Mixed oxides of easily available transition metals are effective heterogeneous catalysts of HMF. The comparison of the activation energies of the different steps of the reaction cascade provides suggestions for the optimal conduction of the biorefinery process.
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