İlaç fabrikası atıksularının anaerobik arıtabilirliğinin incelenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55515
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NURAN DEVECİ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 54
Özet
ÖZET İlaçların önemli bir grubunu oluşturan antibiyotiklerin üretilmelerinde organik kirlilik yükü çok yüksek olan atıksular oluşmaktadır. Günümüzde çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesi açısından bu suların doğaya deşarj edilmeden önce arıtılması bir zorunlulukdur. Yapılan bu çalışmada antibiyotik üretimi atıksuyu (K0İ = B7484mg Oa/1) Uç değişik Kül değerine (20000, Ü5000 ve 10000 mg 1]"/1) seyreltilmiş ve anaerobik olarak arıtılabirliği incelenmiştir. 10000 mg 02/l K0İ değerine sahip olan seyreltilmiş atıksu anaerobik olarak arıtılmış ve 600 saat sonunda K0İ değeri 1084 mg 0p/l değerine indirilmiştir. Buna karşın diğer iki çalışmada inhibisyon gözlenmiştir. Anaerobik arıtılabilirlik için gerekli olan seyrelme oranının azaltılması amacıyla atıksuyun termodinamik dengesi ekstraksiyonla bozulmuş ve bir miktar organik yükün çöktürülmesi ile % 39.15 oranında K0İ giderimi sağlanmıştır. vı
Özet (Çeviri)
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATERS SUMMARY Technological development, rapid urbanization and increasing population have led to the pollution of the environment and are threatening the scarce water resources. In order to prevent this situation, which will have a negative influence on the ecological balance in the nature, the wastewaters must be treated before the discharge. For this reason, today wastewater treatment has become a very important issue providing the reuse of water and preventing pollution of the water resources by municipal and industrial discharges. The wastewater treatment degree depends on the acceptor and the properties of the wastewaters. In general basic parameters in wastewater characterization are physical, chemical and biological properties. Basic parameters in water characterization are below: 1) Physical properties a) Color b) Odor c) Radioactivity d) Temperature e) Insoluble components (colloidal, settleable, floatable) f) Foamability g) Corrosiveness 2) Chemical properties a) Chemical oxygen demand b) Total organic carbon c) pH, alkalinity, acidity d) Chlorides e) Nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur viif) Surfactants g) Hazardous matters h) Heavy metals 1) Fats, oils and grease j) Pesticides k) Carbohydrates 1) Phenols 3) Biological properties a) Biochemical oxygen demand b) Pathogenic bacteria c) Chemical toxicity The contaminants in wastewater are removed by physical, chemical and biological treatments. The individual methods usually are classified as physical operations, chemical processes and biological unit processes. Although these operations and processes can occur in a variety of combinations in treatment systems, it has been found advantageous to study in biological treatment. Screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation and filtration are typical physical operations. If the removal of contaminants from the wastewater is brought by the addition of chemicals or by chemical reac tions are known as chemical unit processes. Precipitation, adsorption and disinfection are the most comman examples used in wastewater treatment. Biological treatment is used primarily to remove the biodegradable organic substances (colloidal or dissolved) in wastewater. With proper environmental control, wastewater can be treated biologically in most cases. The major biological processes used for wastewater treatment are aerobic and anaerobic processes. Aerobic processes are the processes in which the microorganisms use oxygen dissolved in the wastewaters. Aerobic methods include lagooning, biological filtration and activated sludge process. The aerobic processes in biological systems have been extensively applied due to their treatment efficiencies, low hydraulic retention time and they are easy to operate and control. However, their viiihigh operating costs and practical problems which have bsenappeared especially in high strength wastewaters, have increased the interest in anaerobic wastewater treatment. Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes, in which the microorganisms do not use dissolved oxygen, are being used for the treatment of high strength industrial wastewaters for over a century. In the anaerobic degradation, which is carried out by a mixed culture, the wastewater constituents are largely fermented one after the other by various' bacteria into methane and carbon dioxide by a type of“biological pyrolysis”. Bacterial cell (sludge) production is high in aerobic systems compared to anaerobic ones, the reason being higher growth rate -of aerobic bacteria because of high energy production in the aerobic route. The following advantages for anaerobic wastewater purification result from the characteristics of the two processes described above; less sludge generation, no aeration necessary (energy savings and simpler reactors), energy obtained by utilizing the biogas (direct combustion, electricity generation or input into the natural gas grid after methane enrichment) and heavy metal precipitation in the reactor by conversian into insoluble sulfides. The dis advantages of these processes are very sensitive to external stimulations such as changes in temperature, pH, mixing, hydraulic retention time etc. and therefore require continuous monitoring and alteration. One other disadvantage of the anaerobic systems is the slow proceeding of the process during growth and start-up periods compared to aerobic ones. Because wastewaters consist of complex organic matters and it is impossible to measure the organic content each of them/^ individually, it is necessary to use collective parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, volatile fatty acids (UFA). The chemical oxygen demand specifies the volume related oxygen quantity required to completely oxidize the organic constituents of the wastewater. The COD value is suitable as a summary measure for determining the pollution of the wastewater or the quality of the purification procedure. It is the most important parameter in the wastewater. Oxidation is carried out in a defined sulfuric acid-potassium dichromate solution (K2Cr207). Potassuim dichromate is reduced3+by the organic constituents of the wastewater to Cr. The excess potassium dichromate quantity is inversely proportianal to the COD. ixIn this study, anaerobic treatability of pharmaceutical wastewaters was experimentally investigated. The properties of the wastewater are determined at the begining of the": study and the values are given below: COD : 87484 mg/1 pH : 4.52 S0^~ : 15235 mg/1 Poj*~ : 4240 mg/1 Color : Yellow Total Solids (TS) = 95950 mg/1 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) = 2860 mg/1 Volatile Suspended Solids (USS) = 1610 mg/1 Total Dried Solids (TDS) = 80253 mg/1 In the experimental study, first of all any of the leaks in the anaerobic reactor were prevented. All experiments were done in fixed temperature (37 C). The anaerobic reactor has one liter volume and in the all experiments the anaerobic reactor was fed with diluted wastewater (350 ml) and anaerobic sludge. The biogaa formation in anaerobic treatment was measured with a gas measuring system. The ga9, which is produced in the reactor, is also frequently collected in a flask from which a liquid has been displaced. The liquid prevents the carbon dioxide from dissolving in it. Conversely, in the case of batch experiments, the gas can be fed into a flask filled with alkali solution. The methane gas is collected in the head space of the flask and pushes the liquid into a measuring cylinder through an outlet located at the bottom. Begining of all experiments 5 mi's of samples were taken in the system, in order to determine COD, VFA, Alkalinite parameters. When the pH value was greater than 7.5 and fewer than 6.8 then pH value has regulated with the addition of NaOH and HC1 solutions. In this study the wastewater of antibiotic producing factory has diluted in three different concentrations of COD (20000, 15000 and 10000 mg 02/l). The diluted wastewater, which has 10000 mg CU^ ^DD value, wastreated anaerobically in 6GD hours and at the end of this period the COD value of the diluted wastewater decreased to the 1GB^ mg Q_/l. But in the other studies has watched the inhibition. In order to decrease in the necessary dilution ratio for the anaerobic treatment the termodinamic balance of the wastewater has deteriorated by the extraction. A decrease in CDD value has ensured by the settlement of a certain organic matter. xi
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