Zararlı atıkların yönetim planlaması ve uygulanması
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55604
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. İLHAN TALINLI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 119
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada zararlı atıkların yönetim planını oluşturmayı sağlayacak bir modelin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Zararlı atıkların varolan tüm yönetim biçimleri araştırılarak gerek yasal gerekse teknolojik bazda değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Uygun bir yönetim planı önerilerek bir endüstriyel atık üzerinde uygulaması örneklenmiştir. Birinci bölümde çalışmanın amaç ve kapsamı içerisinde konuya esas olan zararlı atıkların çevresel önemi ve yarattığı tehlikeler üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde zararlı atıklarla oluşan çevre problemlerinin tanımı yapılmış ve zararlı atık kavramının gelişimi incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde zararlı atık yönetimine esas olan atık tanımlama ve saptama yöntemleri ve bunların kriterleri ve listeleme yöntemleri araştırılmıştır. Zararlı atıkların yönetimi kavramında arıtım ve uzaklaştırma teknikleri, yönetim planlaması yapılarak üçüncü bölümünde verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölüm zararlı atıkların yönetimini düzenleyen yasal ve idari çerçevenin araştırılmasını içermektedir. Bu bölümde gerek yurtiçi gerekse yurtdışı yasal ve idari çerçeve ayrıntılı bir biçimde irdelenmiş ve eleştirilmiştir. Zararlı atık yönetim planlaması için benimsenen bir model ve mekanizmalar beşinci bölümün içinde verilmektedir. Benimsenen plan ve bunun sonucu olan listelerin bazıları da ekler bölümünde verilmiştir. Bölüm altıda bir endüstriyel arıtma çamurunun uzaklaştırılma yöntemi, çamurun kaynağından başlayarak incelenmiş ve zararlı atık yönetim modeline uygunluğu araştırılmıştır. Uygulama örneği ile vanlan sonuçlar ve öneriler ise son bölümde verilmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT AND APPLICATION For our country we have a recently developed legal legislation about hazardous wastes, however, there seems to be very limited research and literature about the subject since hazardous wastes matter is a very specific one. This leads some conradictory aspects for our developing country, by means of either politic attitude or applications. Such a problem, thus, renders legal legislations inefficient. In this study it is noted that the problem should be regarded globally and management should be controlled at every stage. It is intended to develop a hazardous wastes management plan in order to propose some solution models for the problem. In this scope all the management models about hazardous wastes are studied and assessments on legal and technological basis are carried out. An appropriate management model is proposed and applied for an industrial waste. In the first section, the purpose and the scope of the study is summarized and the environmental importance and potential hazards of hazardous wastes are outlined. In the second section, environmental problems that arise with hazardous wastes and development of hazardous wastes concept are examined. The quantity of waste that presents a directly proportional increase with developing industry covers a wide range of species. Until the early 70's hazardous wastes are severely disregarded, before hazardous wastes caused disasters at these decades. These disasters are presented here, since they given rise to the concept of hazardous wastes. Again in the same section waste definition and identification methods that are basis for the hazardous wastes management are outlined. Whatever the forms and shapes are, the main problem is management and disposal of these wastes in order to protect environmental values. Specific care should be given to definition of hazardous wastes, because they show differencies from country to country and this step is essential for management. Till nowadays two basic approaches are applied for definition of hazardous wastes. These are definitions by environmental effects and by waste specifications. Besides these theoric definitions, another application is listing which uses the above cited two definition models and this model detects the hazardous wastes that will be controlled by legal acts. Inclusive and exclusive lists are presented in the second since they cover an important role in legal legislations.Ifr^i-.-a In section 3, treatment and disposal technologies of hazardous wastes management are presented. Waste reduction, separation, exchange transport, energy and material recovery, waste treatment/incineration and secure ultimate disposal sections renders the problem a global management plan. In this scope treatment and disposal technologies are studied and presented. Also given in sub-sections are treatment technologies; physical, chemical and biological treatment, and disposal technologies; landfill, incineration, dumping at sea, underground disposal and deep-well disposal. Section 5 which includes legal and administrative legislations for hazardous wastes management, is formed by a wide literature search. Either national or international applications are summarized. In this system which starts with definition of hazardous wastes and ends with final disposal, it is essential to carry out the technical definitions, legal definitons and control mechanisms as a whole part. However, this system differentiates from country to country because of it's dinamic structure which has different aspects by means of social, politic and economic conditions of nations. Thus, legal restrictions of a nation may not be valid for another. While legal legislations of USA, Germany, France, Netherlands and Great Britain are presented, our national legislation“Regulation for Control of the Hazardous Wastes”is presented and detailly studied. This regulation forms of nine sections and sixteen annexes. In this study, these sections and annexes age given and especially the lists of annexes which are basic for definitions are studied. Of these lists“Disposal Methods”,“Activities that Produces Hazardous Wastes”,“General Categories for Hazardous Wastes”,“The List of Hazardous Characteristics”are carefully examined and various critics are presented for these lists. Some of these lists are given in the annexes section of this study. If the regulation is globally studied, it is seen it can not be applied, the same problem of other regulations. The reason for this is that in our country the studies on which these regulations are based on do not follow the order of policy determining, planning, projecting and legal regulations. A proposed model and mechanism for hazardous wastes manamegement planing is presented in section five. Figure 1 and Figure 2 give hazardous waste definition mechanism and identification model by lists respectively. In section six disposal method for an industrial waste sludge is studied and appropriateness for a hazardous waste management model is invested. The industrial waste is not regarded as a legal or administrational conventional waste and it is selected because of its similarity with disposal method and industrial waste disposal method. In order to examine the appropriateness of application with the management plan industry and its waste sludge is followed. The examined industry produces quartz and the only raw matter for the industry is raw sand. Information about water used in the plant and about recovered water is given in Table 1. IXTable 1 Characteristics of water and recovered water for the plant A detailed analysis for the influent water and produced sludge is given and these comparative results are given in section six. It is seen that the sludge produced has no raw matter value and that source is not suitable for recovery and reuse. Regarding that waste is formed of sludge, the main treatment should consist of thickening and sludge retention tank. Sludge retained in five tanks and drifted when full so overflows and bursts are avoided. Drifted sludge are transported to a mine field at 5 km. away and disposed by spreading method. In other nations the same application is used for similar industries and after disposal the field may be filled to form a new land. In this spreading method new layer of soil with rich content of water is formed and this is called“specially processed land disposal”that is a new final disposal method. In this study“Regulation for Water Pollution Control”is not regarded, since no wastewater originates. The treatment plant sludge is assessed with respect to“Regulation for Solid Waste Control”and“Regulation for Control of the Hazardous Wastes”. Definition of these wastes as solid waste or hazardous waste is not applied, because of the ineffectiveness and ascertainities of the regulation. According to the model proposed in section five, the sludge should be regarded as special waste because of its physical form. However, after examining the hazardous waste lists, it is found that sludge is not included in the list. In management mechanism, hazardous waste characteristics are scanned. The waste has not presented any of the hazardous waste characteristics which are ignitability, corrosivitiy and reactivity, however, as the latest characteristic, toxicity is observed, in the analysis some heavy metals are found to exhibit this characteristic. As regarded by means of quantity criteria either, it is inefficient for this characteristic. The waste is regarded as this special waste, however, since it can be disposed only by one of hazardous waste management models, the waste is determined to be a hazardous waste by means of disposal models.sources industrial commercial mining agriculture act community act con. waste domestic sewage irrigation return fl. industrial dischar. sources waste treat plant water supply tr. plant air pollution control facility discarded material (solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained gaseous' refuse sludge direct use reuse commercial pr. feed-back to production recycle to closed circuit con. ~^ste Special Waste criteria quantity concentration phy. chemical infectious charac, HAZARD (acute hazard) mortality, serious irreversible illness potential hazard to human health or the environmental YES YES HAZARDOUS WASTE Figure 1 Hazardous Waste Definition Mechanism VII ül.oıt.i a L GENERATOR special waste? NO Not Hazardous Waste YES in hazardous waste lists? (F,K,P,U) NO YES HAZARDOUS WASTE test, literature exhibits these characteristics? Ignitability Corrosivity Reactivity Toxicity YES Hazardous Waste NO in state lists? (C) (which are deemed toxic and acute haz. wastes) YES Hazardous Waste NO Not Hazardous Waste Figure 2 Identification by lists As for the results provided by hazardous waste management plan, for Turkiye's hazardous waste management, some problems which arise from legal regulations are observed. Proposals which are based on this, are presented in the last section. The proposals which are put out after the study are given below:. The policy for hazardous waste management should be determined.. Plans based on the determined policies should be done. These plans should be in compliance with the country's economic, social and politic characteristics and should be formed in accordance with industrial development.. Within the above cited system legal obligations and regulations which mechanisms require should be formed.. Hazardous waste inventory should be done in order to achieve listing model which is an inevitable part of legal regulations.. No legal regulations should be determined before achieving above cited management plan and technological outlines.“Hazardous Waste Control Regulations”should be reformed within the frame of above proposed guidelines. XII
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