Düzensiz yapıların dinamik hesabı kolon taşıyan konsollar
Design of irregular buildings under earthquake forces-cantilever beams supporting columns
- Tez No: 55688
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. FARUK KARADOĞAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: İnşaat Mühendisliği, Civil Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 132
Özet
Bu çalışmada kolon taşıyan konsollardan oluşan düzensiz bir yapının statik ve betonarme hesabı yapılmış daha sonra yapının deprem altındaki davranışı incelenmiştir. Statik hesapta açı yöntemi ile ön boyutlandırma, sabit yükler için hesap, ve hareketli yükler için ayrı ayrı hesaplar yapılmıştır. Daha sonra 1975 Deprem Yönetmeliğine göre yapıya etkiyecek yatay yükler bulunup bu yükler altındaki kesit tesirleri belirlenmiştir. Bu hesaplar sonucu elde edilen değerler yönetmeliklere göre düzenlenerek en elverişsiz kesit tesirleri bulunmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde, en elverişsiz kesit tesirleri bulunan sistemin betonarme hesabı yapılmıştır. Betonarme hesabı sonucu elde edilen donatı değerleri kiriş ve kolon kesit şekillerinde verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, sistemin serbest titreşimi ve zorlanmış titreşimi incelenmiştir. Öncelikle serbest titreşime ait mod şekilleri bulunmuş ve daha sonra zorlanmış titreşimde bu mod şekillerine karşı gelen yük değerleri belirlenmiştir. Modların süperpozisyonu yöntemi ile de kesitlere gelen en muhtemel kesit zorları belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra Elcentro 1940 ve Latino Americano Tower deprem kayıtları ile zaman artırımı metodlarından Lineer ivme ve Runge Kutta metodları kullanılarak sistemin bu deprem kayıtları altındaki davranışı incelenmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
in structural engineering, both safety and economic factors are considered in the design of structures, för it is known that these two basic factors considerably effect each other. Due to the development of structural analysis methods and computer technology, the behavior of structures is determined more precisely. Therefore, the problem of economical design becomes more important. For this reason, structural engineers use the design methods which consider both material and geometrical non-linearities. This study consists of three majör parts: Statical Analysis of Irregular Buildings, Reinforced Concrete Design of Buildings, and Dynamic and Semi-Dynamic Procedures and their Comparisons. in the first part, the analysis of a two-story irregular concrete frame subjected to various combinations of dead and live loads is presented. The preliminary cross-sectional dimension of the frame has been determined through the utilization of the Slope-deflection Method. Then, predesigned structure has been analyzed by the same method under dead loads and live loads respectively. At the end, the predesigned structure subjected to lateral load has been analyzed in accordance with 1975 Specifications for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas by the same method used for the preliminary design. The dimensions of the critical cross-sections obtained from the preliminary analysis are checked under the most unsuitable loading conditions as are some combinations which consider different external effects acting in certain proportions according to Turkish Design Code. in this study, it is observed that the most unsuitable loading condition is obtained from the folloving combination: 1.4*6 + 1.6*Q where G: Dead weight Q: Live load xiiiin the second part of the work, reinforced concrete design for the system has been made according to the most unsuitable cross-sectional effects. The placement of the reinforcing bars for the cross-sectional areas for columns are also given at the end of this part. The third part of the work consists of the solution of frames by dynamic methods and its comparison to the loads found by using 1975 Specifications for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas. Generally, in order to determine the response of the structures caused by an earthguake, the dynamic approaches are used. in semi-dynamic procedures, fictitious static loads due to the first natural period (specific) of the structure are taken into account and so the dynamic problem turns into an eguivalent static problem. The method used in this thesis is the method of the Modal Superposition, which is öne of dynamic procedures. Modal Superposition is a method in which the eguations of motions are transferred from a set of n simultaneous differential eguations to a set of n independent eguations by the use of so-called normal coordinates. These eguations are solved for the response of each mode and the total response of the system is obtained by superposing individual solutions. in the Method of Modal Superposition, the shapes and the periods of the structures normal modes, and in the semi- dynamic procedures the natural period should be known. in order to find the natural period, various methods are developed, such as; the Stodolo-Vianello Method, The Rayleigh Ritz Method. in the dynamic procedure studied in this thesis, frequencies and corresponding mode shapes have been calculated using Stodola-Vienola method. For this purpose a computer program, STODOLA.BAS, has been written. After calculating the mode shapes and freguencies, the loads for forced vibration have been obtained by using gı = mi*di*o>2 eguation. The Modal Superposition Method has been used to obtain the earthguake forces. in the Modal Superposition Method, for every mode there is a natural period and displacement vector. The main system vibrates according to proper Superposition of these displacement modes. The participation factors determine the natural percentage of the contribution mode of vibration. For the natural period value of each mode and accepted damping percentage, the Sa acceleration spectrum value is read from the ground's acceleration spectrum curves drawn for Elcentro 1940. Then, the earthguake force is calculated from the definition of force formula. Generally, the maximum value for some normal modes can be determined as the sguare root of the addition of the sguares (namely the root-mean-square method). xivin the 1975 Specifications for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, the effects of earthguakes are taken as horizontal static loads acting at floor levels. in dimensioning the structural elements against earthguake loading, the total static horizontal load coming to the structure is calculated by the given F-force formula. F force, which is calculated according to the structure's natural period for first normal mode, is then distributed to the storey along the height. in practice, the horizontal loads can be calculated by dynamic ör semi-dynamic methods. The ductility factor can be determined according to the type and the geometry of the system as well as the reinforcement of the cross sections. in the last part, Elcentro 1940 NS and Latino Americano Tower earthguakes' records have been applied to the structure to get the actual behavior of the system under an earthguake. First of ali we have to write the eguation of motion for the system. The coupled eguation of motion can be written in the following form: Mxx+Cxx+Kxx= -M x p« in order to obtain the uncoupled eguation of motion the above eguation must be rewritten in the following form: MM-Mı [MM,[Î],+(cM,[ j],+[*]tö,m, = -[A/][C/]& [w OO tmO ö>'“2 O O t L O00 2£”“û>”“_.İ”(J“_ L O 00 û)”“'ir**'. ”d>“ o”
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