Yüksek binalarda kamu kontrolü ve İstanbul için öneriler
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 55784
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. ALTAN ÖKE
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1996
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 140
Özet
ÖZET İlk örnekleri 19.yüzyılın sonunda ABD'de ortaya çıkan ve giderek dünyada bir çok şehrin sembolü haline gelen“yüksek bina”tipinin kontrol problemi başlangıcından itibaren tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Türkiye'de toplumsal, ekonomik ve teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak“yüksek bina”yapma eğiliminin hız kazandığı son dönemlerde bu konudaki kontrol eksiklikleri sık sık gündeme gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek binalarla ilgili kamu kontrolü konularında yararlanılabilecek sonuçların İstanbul örneğinde ortaya konulmasıdır. Belirlenen temel amacına yönelik olarak çalışma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde önce, binalarda kamu kontrolünün anlamı, amaçları ve kapsamı üzerinde durulmuş, ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve farklı hukuk sistemlerindeki gelişimi incelenmiştir. Yüksek bina tipi ve kontrol problemi tanımlanmış, yüksek binaların ortaya çıkması ve gelişimi farklı açılardan değerlendirilmiş ve çalışmanın amacı, kapsamı ve sınırları açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde, binalarda kamu kontrolünün Türkiye'deki durumu ele alınmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğundan günümüze kadar gelişen kontrol süreci incelenmiştir. Türkiye'deki mevcut durum, binalardaki kamu kontrolünün dayandığı kaynaklar, organizasyon ve işleyiş incelenerek binalardaki mevcut kamu kontrolü konuları listelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, çalışmanın belirlenen amacı doğrultusunda örnek alınan ülkelerde yüksek binalarla ilgili kamu kontrolü konuları incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye'de olumlu ve olumsuz eleştirilerden ortaya çıkan sonuçlar değerlendirilmiş ve mevcut kontrol konuları örnek alınan ülkelerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Türkiye'de İstanbul örneğinde yarar ve sakınca yüksek binalarla ilgili kamu kontrolü konuları irdelenerek öneriler getirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, çalışmanın belirlenen amacı doğrultusunda elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
PUBLIC CONTROL İN TALL BUILDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR İSTANBUL SUMMARY Building regulations and planning decisions played a key role in the development of“tali buildings”concept, early examples of this type of building begun to be seen at the end of 19th century in United States and grew to become symbols of some cities throughout the world. Parallel to social, economic and technologic developments in Turkey, the tendency to build tali buildings is rapidly increasing regardless of the fact that there is lack of building regulations, vvhich is becoming the main issue lately. The objective of this study is to recommend guidelines and directions to be used for public control systems in tali buildings. in this study istanbul is chosen as sample city for being the most active and most criticised region in Turkey for its tali buildings. Respective to the main objective, this thesis is made up of five chapters. in the introduction; the meaning, objective and elements of control in buildings are discussed, their bases and development in different legal systems are investigated. After a brief definition of tali building types and controlling problems, the start, reasons and development of tali buildings are evaluated. From the beginning to today, different approaches were sought after for public control, vvhich in fact was critical to protect and control the tali buildings from negative results. Second chapter deals with“public control”in Turkey. The public control period for buildings started with the political reforms in 1839 vvhich were called“Tanzimat”by the Ottomans and was follovved by“Ebniye Kanunu”(Buildings) law,“Yapı & Yollar Kanunu”(Buildings and roads law), law no 6785, and law no 3194 with the foundation of Turkish republic. The existing situation in Turkey is evaluated regarding the bases that public control depends upon. The organisational and operational points are investigated. Parallel to the objective of the thesis for developing a public control system for tali buildings, this study can also be applied to as a general view for ali buildings.The list of subjects controlled by public administration in Turkey are classified under the follovving headings. Controls related with general settlement Controls related with characteristics of lots Controls related with programming and space order Controls related with vertical and horizontal circulation Controls related with outer vvalls and partitions in the third chapter tali building public control regulations are investigated on selected countries which already use such regulations. Differences in approach betvveen countries give us the chance to observe different aspects of the case. Organisation of legal systems and the basis that the existing situation is built upon are investigated for highly developed coutries like Germany, USA, England and Svvitzerland. The standards are compulsory in Germany. Laws differ acording to the states in United States and three organisations (trade and engineering chambers, test laboratories and building design foundations) vvhich develop the regulations are accepted as authorities. in England, documents approved by local authorities are printed seperately for every different section of regulations. These are very practical books for general use. Applications are controlled by local authorities and inspectors. Codes and regulations vary betvveen regions in Svvitzerland, and standards are issued according to needs by the chamber of architects and engineers.“The Berlin Regulations”are used by Germany today as public control regulations for tali buildings. The study named“Tali Buildings Research for the City of Munich”and its detailed results are investigated. The suggestions that raise from the results of this research, vvhich the city of Munich pioneered, are used as evaluation criteria for the subject. Öne of the main ideas behind this study is to enable adaptation of tali buildings to the existing environment. Five main structural points are identified in preparation of“tali buildings development plan”for the city of Munich. These were green and öpen areas, building structures, usage structures, limitations by law, and areas for development. As the result, the buildings that were to be protected were defined, the new city silhouette was developed and limatitons were brought regarding height to decrease negative effects of tali buildings. The criteria for evaluation and the points to be considered for every new construction take part in the regulations.ÖZET İlk örnekleri 19.yüzyılın sonunda ABD'de ortaya çıkan ve giderek dünyada bir çok şehrin sembolü haline gelen“yüksek bina”tipinin kontrol problemi başlangıcından itibaren tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Türkiye'de toplumsal, ekonomik ve teknolojik ge lişmelere paralel olarak“yüksek bina”yapma eğiliminin hız kazandığı son dönem lerde bu konudaki kontrol eksiklikleri sık sık gündeme gelmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek binalarla ilgili kamu kontrolü konularında yararlanılabilecek sonuçların İstanbul örneğinde ortaya konulmasıdır. Belirlenen temel amacına yönelik olarak çalışma beş bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde önce, binalarda kamu kontrolünün anlamı, amaçları ve kapsamı üzerinde durulmuş, ortaya çıkış nedenleri ve farklı hukuk sistemlerindeki gelişimi incelenmiştir. Yüksek bina tipi ve kontrol problemi tanımlanmış, yüksek binaların or taya çıkması ve gelişimi farklı açılardan değerlendirilmiş ve çalışmanın amacı, kap samı ve sınırları açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde, binalarda kamu kontrolünün Türkiye'deki durumu ele alınmıştır. Os manlı İmparatorluğundan günümüze kadar gelişen kontrol süreci incelenmiştir. Tür kiye'deki mevcut durum, binalardaki kamu kontrolünün dayandığı kaynaklar, organi zasyon ve işleyiş incelenerek binalardaki mevcut kamu kontrolü konuları listelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, çalışmanın belirlenen amacı doğrultusunda örnek alınan ülkeler de yüksek binalarla ilgili kamu kontrolü konuları incelenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye'de olumlu ve olumsuz eleştirilerden ortaya çıkan sonuçlar değerlendirilmiş ve mevcut kontrol konuları örnek alınan ülkelerle karşılaştırmıştır. Türkiye'de İstanbul örneğinde yarar ve sakınca yüksek binalarla il gili kamu kontrolü konuları irdelenerek öneriler getirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, çalışmanın belirlenen amacı doğrultusunda elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir.In the United States of America where the first examples of these regulations were applied,differences in applications are seen between states. The codes for Boston City, are heavily built on fire controls. While in New York City regulations are focused on formation of the buildings. City of Houston does not have any codes of control for tall buildings. The city of San Fransisco developed its own improvement plan for the city by decreasing the areas that are initially identified as tall building development areas. This was done because of the pressures put on the city authorities by the citizens of San Fransisco. The main control parameters that affect the settlement and form are“Floor Area Ratio”,“Lot Coverage Area”and“Sky Exposure Plane Scale”. For the building areas identified in New York City certain design must be chosen from the list available in the zoning regulations. The use of these elements are rewarded according to the points system designated. The city of San Fransisco is divided to four functional territories and densities are controlled accordingly. The maximum heights to be permitted for different territories are decided by investigating the general silhouette of the city. Impact analysis is compulsory in California, and the planning commission in Pittsburg recommends a series of standards for design in each individual tall building to be built. In England rules of control for tall buildings are within the general codes and regulations for buildings. The rules of tall building development are defined by London City Council for the city of London. The“fire control codes”are again the priority control item in England like the city of Boston. Switzerland evaluates the subjective effects of tall buildings as well as the objective ones. Space identification decisions, area size control, silhouette control, esthetic conditions are inspected. In Russia, tall buildings are not permitted within the historic core of the cities. Austria, Poland and Hungary use different codes of control for fire. Czech Republic uses codes for“silhouette control”. In France tall buildings are not permitted for cities under 40,000 habitants. The fourth chapter of the study deals with Turkey and concentrates on Istanbul as an example for public control for tall buildings and brings recommendations for the improvement of the situation. The positive and negative critisisms for the situation in Turkey is evaluated and the existing situation is compared with the chosen countries by listing. As a result of all critisisms, the following are identified as key issues. These are; regulations, city identiity, silhouette, density, infrastructure, pollution, earthquakes, shade and fire. Criticism on tall buildings mostly occur on XIIIthe urban planning subjects. Criticism on the building itself is not often seen in" Turkey except special cases like fire security, etc. Whilst the advantages and disadvantages of tall buildings are discussed the objective and subjective sides of the subject are also investigated. The benefits and dangers of tall buildings are evaluated from objective (points that are clearly accepted by majority) and subjective (ideas that vary from person to person) points. The most important objective dangers that tall buildings face are earthquakes, storms and fire. Again from the objective view point the additional dangers of tall buildings are increasing the overall density, and problems in selection of space. The subjective dangers can be listed as the psychologic effects on city silhouette and identity and the negative effects of differences between daily and nightly usage. The benefits from well planned tall buildings are, lesser intererence with panorama and light, possibilities for more green areas and landscape, enabling multi-functions, solving parking and transportation problems better, covering the needs of big program buildings, bringing an alternative to the monotonous edifice of cities and giving the city a special identity. The geographical, social, economic, historic and technologic aspects of the city must also be considered while evaluating the pluses and minuses tall buildings will bring to the city tissue. For Turkey and other selected countries different approaches are taken for controlling tall buildings. Within the same topics, common and different controls are listed and compared. Istanbul's special location makes it necessary to evaluate the tall buildings on different scales. The problems that occur must be discussed under city and building scale. The city's constructural state and the territories to be protected are examined and the targets for a healty city life with tall buildings are defined. Suggestions are offered to the problems that arise from tall buildings in Istanbul and suggestion lists for public control are prepared. Special attention is paid for these controls to be objective and easily understood. Istanbul's structural status and existing tall buildings are evaluated and objectives and strategies are defined considering conditions for today and the future. Especially in Istanbul, tall building sites must be evaluated, based not only on the area they cover but with the surrounding environment data as well. XIVA healthy territory research must be done and a) the restricted zones for tall buildings, b) the zones that are permitted if certain conditions are met, c) zones that tall building contructions are encouraged, must be defined. Istanbul's natural, cultural and historic specifications must be preserved in such definitions. The objectives for creation of a healthy city life and environment are identified and for the main purpose of this study a proposal list is developed for public controls in Istanbul. Such controls must be objective and clearly understandable for easier appliation. The maximum heights permitted in different regions of the city is decided by considering the results for the whole city. Therefore; every new tall building must be evaluated within the city environment, and controls must be reviewed on city and building scale for each new building to be constructed. xv
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