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Linux işletim sistemi için tex ve pictex eğitim programları

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 55969
  2. Yazar: AYDIN ÇELİKTEN
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. METİN DEMİRALP
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Mühendislik Bilimleri, Engineering Sciences
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1996
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 142

Özet

ÖZET Günümüzde, bilginin paylaşımı her zamankinden daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Çünkü bilgi, ancak paylaşıldığı zaman insanoğluna faydalı olmaktadır. Öyle ki, bilgiye daha hızlı ulaşabilmek için kurulan bilgisa yar ağlarıyla birkaç saniye içerisinde, binlerce kilometre ötedeki bilgilerin, bilgisayar ekranında görülebilmesi mümkün olmuştur. TEX dili, yaratılan bilimsel eserlerin başkalarına etkileyici biçim de sunulabilmesi için geliştirilmiş bir yazım dilidir. Editörlerden farklı olarak, programlanabilme ve makineden bağımsız olma özelliklerine sahip tir. Yani TEX' in sınırları, belirli olanaklar çerçevesinde, genişletilebilir. Yine TEX donanımdan bağımsız olarak her makinede çalışabilir. İ.T.U Pen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Bilgisayar Labarotuvarlarmda Linux işletim sistemi kullanılmaktadır ve TEX, öğrenciler tarafından çeşitli a- maçlarla sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu yüksek lisans tezinin konusu olan TEX ve PICTEX eğitim programları, kullanıcıların TEX kullanırken kar şılaştıkları sorunları bilgisayar başında çözebilmelerine yardımcı olmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Programlar C dilinde, Linux işletim sistemi al tında ve XWindows ortamında çalışacak şekilde hazırlanmışlardır. Prog ramlarda normal C kodunun yanısıra XWindows ortamı ile ilgili üst düzey komutlar da kullanılmıştır. Anlatılan konular örneklerle desteklenmiştir ve örnek görmek istenirse, TEX çıktılarının ekranda görülebilmesini sağ layan“xdvi”programı çağırılarak konu ile ilgili örneği incelemek müm kündür. Tez 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölüm giriş bölümü olup konunun tanıtımı yapılmakta, ikinci bölümde programın nasıl kullanılacağı açıklan makta, üçüncü bölümde programın yapısı hakkında bilgi verilmekte, dör düncü bölümde, TEX eğitim programında anlatılan konuların metinleri; beşinci bölümde ise, PICTEX eğitim programında anlatılan konuların metinleri verilmiştir. Programların çıktıları ise eklerde verilmiştir. vııı

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY TUTORIAL PROGRAMS FOR TEX AND PICTEX TEX is a language, developed by Donald Knuth in 1986, for prepar ing especially scientific books. It provides many useful tools for common scientific statements, such as matrices, integrals, sums etc. For example, with the code below : $$l-\left(2\over3-y3\right)T2$$ the following statement is obtained : 2 3-y3 2 or, with the code below : $$A=\bordermatrix{&\epsilon&;\alpha&\epsilon'\cr \epsilon&l&0&0\cr \alpha&0&l&l\cr \epsilon'&0&0&l\cr] the following statement is obtained : Although TEX seems to be a word processor, it is a real program ming language. It can be programmed to accomplish some tasks, which are necessary to user. By writing macros (definitions), the usage of TEX can be made easy and the limits of TEX can be extended. Besides, TEX is machine independent which means that it can run under any computer, using any operating system. With these features, TEX is commonly used by students and academical staff for writing homeworks, thesis, articles, books etc. PICTEX, is a collection of TEX macros, created for constructing pictures - especially mathematical figures - which can be used inside ixnormal TEX code. An example of what can be done with PICTEX is given below. 0 5 10 15 20 25 I I I I I I Austria - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 Denmark ^- - - ? - - - - - i- - 93 England - - - - - - - - - - 94 Sweden - i - - - - ? - - - ^- 93 Swiss - - - - - - - - - 91 Prance »- ^- - - - - - ^- 95 Germany - - - - - - -- 91 Hungary - - - ^ - 95 PICTEX has got the following advantages [5] : 1- Figures become an internal part of the typesetting process, so the problem of having to leave proper amount of space for a material which has to be created on some external device is avoided. 2- All of TEX' s formatting capabilities are available for the pictures constructed with PICTEX, so the same fonts used in the rest of the document can be used in the picture. 3- PICTEX is machine independent just like TEX. 4- PICTEX can be easily extended using TEX' s macro facilities. But it has got some limitations as stated below : 1- PICTEX should be used for mathematical figures. It is not suitable for complicated drawings. 2- It takes up a sizeable amount of memory and also some time for its drawings. In today's computer world, nearly all programs are presented with their tutorial and help utilities. Tutorials and helps contain all (some times more) of the information given in the program's language reference books. For some tutorials, it's also possible to see examples of the sub ject or reach to the realted subjects. So it's possible to solve problems which occurs while using the program, without having to search for any other kind of help. As mentioned before, TEX and PICTEX are used commonly. But there are neither a help utility nor a tutorial utility for both TEX and PICTEX. So an idea of preparing a tutorial program, which can also be used as help utility, has appeared. Preparing tutorials for TEX and PICTEX is the main objective of this thesis.Tutorial programs for TEX and PICTEX are independent programs which have got the same structures but, naturally, different contents and examples. They were written with C language and run under XWin- dows environment of Linux operating system. In fact, it is a must for the programs, to run under XWindows environment; because the xdvi program, which is used for viewing the examples, runs under XWindows environment. Besides normal C code, programs also include some high level statements for controlling XWindows environment. Some important high level commands for controlling XWindows en vironment are below :. 1. XCreateGC (display, window, 0, 0) : This command supplies the connection between the C program and the window named window and it can be possible to draw figures on window.. 2. ~XFreeGC(display, gc) : This command destroys the connection established with the command above.. 3. XCreateSimpleWindow((iisp/at/,DefaultRootWindow(Jisp/at/), x, y, width, height, borderwidth,colorl,color2) : This command cre ates a window at the (x,y) coordinate point of the screen with a width of width, height of height and border width of borderwidth.. 4. XSetStandardProperties(eiK.sp/at/, window, name, name, None, argv, argc, hmyhint) : This command sets some properties of the window, as name, forecolor, backcolor etc.. 5. XDeflneCursor(c?^p/at/, window, curs) : This command gives the name curs to the cursor of window and the cursor gets its default shape.. 6. curs = X.CreateFontCursor(display, font) : This command gives curs the shape of font.. 7. ~KNL&pILa.ised(display, window) : This command makes window visible.. 8. XDestroyWindow(«iisp/a?/, window) : This command destroys window.. 9. XSelectlnput (display, window, KeyPressMask \ ButtonPressM ask...) : This command specifies the input types window can accept.. 10. X.NextEvent(display, foevent) : This command waits for the next event and event body is set according to the type of event. The commands above are used for creating windows, connections etc. and setting their properties in XWindows environment. However, XIthe commands below are used for putting text or drawing pictures inside windows specified with the statements on the previous page.. 1. XDra-wString(display, window, gc, x, y, string, length) : This command is included in XLib.h header file and used to write string string of length length with its left top corner at the (x,y) coordinate of the window.. 2. XDr awLine (display, window, gc, x\, x%, y\, y?) : This command is included in XLib.h header file and draws a line between (xı,2/ı) and (#2,^/2) coordinate points of window.. 3. XDrawRectangle (display, window, gc, x, y, width, height) : This command is included in XLib.h header file and used for drawing a rectangle which has got a width of width and height of height with its left top corner at (x,y) coordinate system. Some examples for the usage of these commands in the program are given below : XDrawRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc, 8, 29,400, 12) ; XDrawRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc, 8,43,400, 12) ; XDrawRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc, 8, 57,400, 12) ; XDrawRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,8,71,400, 12) ; XDrawRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc, 8, 85,400, 12) ; XDrawRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,8, 99,400, 12); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,10,20, ***** GÖSTERİM DENKLEMLERİ ile ilgili bilgiler BOLUMU *****“,78); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,10,40, ”1. GENEL BİLGİ“, 14); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,10,54, ”2. TEK SATİRLİ GÖSTERİM DENKLEMLERİ“,35); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,10,68, ”3. DENKLEM NUMARALARI“,21); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,10,82, ”4. BİRDEN FAZLA SATIRDAN OLUŞAN GÖSTERİM DENKLEM LERİ“, 52); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,10,96, ”5. UZUN FORMÜLLER“, 17); XDrawString(my display,my window,mygc, 10,110, ”0. CIKIS“,8); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc, 10, 135, ”SEÇİMİNİZİ YAPIN (0-5)“,22); With the code above, the menu for displayed equations is constructed like the menu on the next page: Xll1. GENEL BİLGİ 2. TEK SATİRLİ GÖSTERİM DENKLEMLERİ 3. DENKLEM NUMARALARI 4. BİRDEN FAZLA SATIRDAN OLUŞAN GÖSTERİM DENKLEMLERİ 5. UZUN FORMÜLLER 0. CIKIS SEÇİMİNİZİ YAPIN (0-5) Another example is below : XmuDrawRoundedRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,a,358,60,15,5,5); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,a+15,370, cIKIS,5); XmuDrawRoundedRectangle(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc, a+100,358,60,15,5,5); XDrawString(mydisplay,mywindow,mygc,a+l 15,370,”oRNEK“, 5); The code above constructs the body below which appears at the end of subjects, to allow the user choose ”example“ choice or ”quit“ the subject. oRNEK Tutorial program for TEX gives information about several subjects of TEX, which are classified under the 9 items below : 1- General Knowledge (about compiler, xdvi program, errors) 2- Knowledge about writing simple text 3- Knowledge about page setup 4- Introduction to mathematical mode 5- Knowledge about styles in mathematical mode 6- Knowledge about formulas 7- Displayed Equations xiii8- Macros (Definitions) 9- Alignment After end of the subjects, there' s a chance for the user to see ex amples about subject. If the user wants to see examples, xdvi window appears with the appropriate example set. Passing from tutorial program to xdvi program is accomplished by a shell program. The name of the shell program for TEX is ”eğitimi". In fact, when user runs the tutorial program, first the shell program runs and then it calls the tutorial program. When user wants to see exam ples of a subject; tutorial program ends by sending a parameter to shell program. Shell program finds the corresponding example set of the pa rameter and calls xdvi program with the appropriate example set. When user exits xdvi program, control passes to the shell program and then it calls tutorial program. This cycle will continue this way until user wants to quit tutorial. The outputs of the shell program and tutorial program are given in Appendix A, and the outputs of examples are given in Appendix B. The tutorial program of PICTEX is organized in the same manner as TEX tutorial, so its working principles shall not be explained. It gives information about the nine main items below : 1- Introduction to PICTEX 2- Putting text into a picture 3- Graph setup 4- Rules and related, subjects 5- Lines and curves 6- Dots and dashes 7- Shading 8- Using pictures inside other pictures 9- Rotations There are other versions of TEX and PICTEX tutorials. In these versions, users do not have any chance to view examples. These programs give information about almost the same subjects as the versions with examples and recommended for the users who will not want to view any examples during their use of programs. xivThe first section of the thesis is an overview of the subject. The second section explains how and when the tutorial programs should be used and gives the list of the subjects explained in the tutorial pro grams. Third section is about the high-level XWindows commands used in program and the program structure. Section four gives the full text of sections in TEX tutorial program and section five gives the full text of PICTEX tutorial program. The list of TEX tutorial program, including the shell program, is given in Appendix A and the collection of TEX examples used in tutorial is given in Appendix B. xv

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