Melt-spinning and properties of soy-filled polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly-(Lactic acid) fibers
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 622310
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. DANIŞMAN YOK
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2019
- Dil: İngilizce
- Üniversite: Clemson University
- Enstitü: Yurtdışı Enstitü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 129
Özet
Sustainability concerns arising from the use of synthetic polymer-derived disposable nonwoven fabrics have prompted an interest in the development and use of disposable composite fibers by using renewable biomass as fillers. Agricultural materials are being investigated as fillers because these products are renewable and biodegradable. Prior literature studies have focused on the processing of bulk bio-filled polymers, mostly by compression and injection molding. Very limited studies have reported on soy-polymer fibers, and those fibers were spun by electro-spinning, i.e., the melt-spinning of soy-filled polymer fibers have not been systematically reported. Therefore, the melt-spinnability and properties of bio-composite fibers consisting of soy-filled polymers were investigated for the following three different thermoplastic matrices: (i) Polyethylene (PE), a widely used thermoplastic with a low melting point that minimizes thermal degradation of soy fillers; (ii) Polypropylene (PP), the most widely used thermoplastic in disposables, but one with a higher melting point than PE; and (iii) Poly-(lactic acid) (PLA), an expensive but a biodegradable thermoplastic with a slow degradation rate. By adding soy flour (soy) to linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), soy-PE fibers with enhanced hydrophilic characteristics were developed. Blends containing only soy and LLDPE had limited draw-down, and the resulting thick fibers showed poor mechanical properties. When monoglyceride was added as a compatibilizer, thin fibers with good properties could be successfully spun due to improved dispersion of soy agglomerates in the LLDPE melt. Fibers spun from a blend containing 23/7/70 wt % of soy-monoglyceride-LLDPE displayed a tensile modulus and strength of 615±38 and 57±8 MPa, respectively. At 30% less synthetic content, these fibers still displayed mechanical properties generally comparable to those of base polyethylene fibers such as those used in nonwovens. For nonwoven applications, physico-chemical properties are also relevant. Contact angle measurements showed that the soy-based fibers had a hydrophilic surface (contact angle of 33±4⁰). Moisture absorption studies confirmed that soy-PE fibers gained about 20 wt % moisture in 1 h, whereas neat LLDPE fibers did not absorb any significant amount (LLDPE is hydrophobic). This hydrophilic behavior of soy-PE fibers mimics that of natural fibers. Presence of small soy agglomerates on the fiber surface also provides a textured surface and a desired tactile feel to the soy-PE fibers, which coupled with hydrophilic behavior indicates their potential use in disposable nonwovens. Next, polypropylene (PP), was investigated as the matrix polymer because it is the most prevalent synthetic polymer used to produce fibers for nonwovens. Like PE, it is not biodegradable and has a processing temperature of 30⁰C higher than that of PE. The aim of this study was to investigate fiber spinnability and properties of soy flour-PP fibers as a function of processing temperature and filler content. An optimum processing temperature of 190°C was established, and fibers were successfully produced using a melt-spinning route that can be commercially scaled-up. Inclusion of soy-monoglyceride mixture at 15 wt% resulted in fibers with a tensile modulus of 914±164 MPa and a tensile strength of 74±7 MPa. Although lower than those of neat PP fibers (1224±136 MPa and 104±10 MPa), these SFM/PP fiber properties are large enough for nonwoven application. Further, increasing soy content led to fibers with improved hydrophilicity and ease of coloring of the fibers. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has significant potential as a biodegradable replacement for petroleum-based plastics, but its high cost and slow biodegradability restrict its use in disposable products. The present study was aimed at reducing cost and increasing the degradation rate of PLA fibers by incorporating soy filler into it. After melt compounding of PLA with 5 wt% soy flour, continuous fibers were successfully spun via melt-spinning. Larger amounts of soy could not be incorporated due to the limited ductility that PLA possesses relative to its polyolefin counterparts. As expected for a particulate composite, the presence of particulate fillers led to a reduction of strength and strain-to-failure, from 74±2 MPa and 48% for neat PLA fibers to 39±5 MPa and 8%, respectively, for the soy- PLA fibers. The modulus remained unaffected at about 1 GPa for soy-PLA fibers. The soy-PLA fibers displayed a relatively rough exterior surface and provided a more natural-fiber feel. The overall degradation of soy-PLA fibers was accelerated about two-fold in a basic medium due to the preferential dissolution of soy that led to increased surface area within the PLA matrix. In summary, this research successfully established the melt-spinning of bio-composite fibers containing soy fillers in polyethylene and polypropylene(non-biodegradable base polymers) and poly-lactic acid (a biodegradable polymer). The properties of the fibers indicate the potential of melt-spun soy-filled fibers to be used as cost-effective bio-based fibers given that their properties are comparable to those obtained from neat polymers. It is recommended that future studies specifically investigate the formation and properties of non-wovens
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