Ayçiçek yağının doğrudan alternatif yakıt olarak değerlendirilmesi
Direct use of sunflower oil as a fuel alternative
- Tez No: 66499
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. FİLİZ KARAOSMANOĞLU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 101
Özet
ÖZET Dünya petrol tüketiminin yaklaşık yarısı ulaşımda kullanılmakta ve bu tüketimde benzin ve motorin önemli çevre kirliliği sorunları oluşturmaktadır. Dünya petrol rezervlerinin kullanılabilme süresi 43 yıldır. Çevre dostu yakıt arayışları ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları kullanımına geçilmesi zorunluluğu, yeni motor yakıtı teknolojilerinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Yeni motor yakıtları arasında en önemli fuel oil ve motorin seçeneği bitkisel yağlardır. Bitkisel yağlar, doğrudan veya modifikasyon teknikleri ile alternatif yakıt olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ayçiçek yağının doğrudan fuel oil ve motorin olarak değerlendirilebilir- liğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmış ve ayçiçek yağımn alternatif yakıt özellikleri konuya ilişkin sorun ve öneriler belirtilerek ortaya konulmuştur. xı
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY DIRECT USE OF SUNFLOWER OIL AS A FUEL ALTERNATIVE Worldwide concern over the foreseeable exhaustion of fossil energy resources, and availability and price of liquid fuels created substantial interest in alternative fuel sources, and biomass seems to be one of the promising solutions for current and future energy demands. Most of the energy-intensive sectors of society, such as agriculture, highway and railroad transportation, construction, and the military, are highly dependent on diesel fuel and fuel oil. Therefore, most of the recent research activities were directed toward fossil-based diesel fuel and fuel oil. Energy consumption in Turkey is on the rise due to rapid industrilization and increasing population. An average 5% annual increase has been observed in the nation's energy consumption over the past 18 years. Although there has been 65% increase in the domestic energy production within the same time period it is still inadequate to satisfy the country's ever-growing demand. Amount the primary energy sources of Turkey domestic coal, hydro, and geothermal reserves are approximately 1% of the World's total, whereas oil and natural gas reserves are very limited. In 1995,58.4% of the total primary energy consumed in Turkey was imported and oil had the largest share (27 million tons) within the overall energy imports. Over 95% of the oil consumed Turkey is provided through imports and this has very significant effects on the nation's balance of payments. Transportation sector is highly dependent on imported oil making Turkey strategically and economically vulnerable to both supply disruptions and external price manipulations. It is therefore evident that high priority must be given to transportation fuel alternatives within Turkey's national energy agenda. Turkey's clean and sustainable energy sources include hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass. Contribution of biomass and hydro to the primary energy production has been traditionally high. xuBiomass is considered as one of the key renewable energy sources of the future due to its large potential, economic viability and various social and environmental benefits. Although it is rarely considered in official energy statistics, it is already the fourth largest source of energy in the world. Oil seeds have been one of the major biomass sources of fuel. History records that Rudolph Diesel, the inventor of the engine that bears his name, used vegetable oils as a diesel fuel alternative in his engines as early as 1 900. For many years, the ready availability of inexpensive petroleum middle distillate fuels provided little incentive for experimenting with alternative, renewable fuels for Diesel engine and for heating systems. The energy crisis of the 1970' s sparked a renewed interest in the use of vegetable oils as fuels and today the subject continues to attract attention because of the successful results obtained in the applications. Vegetable oils have heat contents approximately 90% of that of the diesel fuel. A major obstacle deterring their use in the direct-injection engine is their inherent high viscosities, which are nearly ten times that of the diesel fuel. Solution of the viscosity problem has been approached in at least four modification techniques (dilution, microemulsion, pyrolysis and transesterification). High viscosity leads to poor atomization and incomplete combustion of the fuel, formation of excessive carbon deposits on the injection nozzles and in the combustion chamber, and contamination of the lubricating oil with unburnt residues. It is known by the injection and spray characteristics. Fuel atomization and mixing in the combustion chamber are directly influenced by the viscosity of the fuel injected. Therefore refined vegetable oils can be used in precombustion chamber diesel engines with some limitations or motor modifications. Most of the researches and applications on the evaluation of vegetable oil as alternative diesel fuel, are based on mainly the evaluation of vegetable oil modification products due to the problems mentioned. It has been proposed the usage of modification products in short-term and not only the modification products but also direct use of vegetable oils in long-term. Viscosity problem has been reduced in the case of evaluation of vegetable oil as alternative fuel oil. Because viscosity values of vegetable oils are close to that of the fuel oils. Researches that deal with direct use of vegetable oil as fuel, are based on main idea of defining application problems clearly, suggesting solutions for problems and finally making it possible to apply successfully by the help of these suggestions. In this study, this main idea has been taken as thesis aim and the evaluation of direct use of sunflower oil as fuel (diesel fuel and fuel oil) has been investigated. This thesis study has been the first stage of an xmextensive research that will be carried out together with Education Staff of Istanbul Technical University Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section of Automotive. Sunflower oil was selected for the study because of being used widely in our country. Also the flora and agricultural potential of our country are suitable for sunflower cultivation for using as fuel. Moreover, according to unsaturation degree of sunflower oil fatty acid composition, its composition is proper for direct use. This factor also effected the selection. In the experimental study, refined sunflower oil was used. Sunflower oil was purchased from commercial market (Migros). The fatty acid composition of sunflower oil was subjected to capillary gas chromatographic analysis with the apparatus of Hewlett Packard 5890 series II fitted with a flame ionization detector (FID). The major oil characteristics like density, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, iodine value were also determined according to the standard methods of analysis of fats and oils. Sunflower oil was found to be rich in linoleic acid. The percentage (weight) of linoleic acid in the oil is 69.98%. The oil characteristics of sunflower oil are as follows: density, 20°C : 921.1 kg/m3; refractive index, 20°C: 1.4723; acid value : 0.12 mg KOH/g; saponification value : 196.05 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 143.82 g 1/100 g; fatty acids average molecular weight : 279.03 kg/mol; oil average molecular weight : 874.37 kg/kmol. Diesel fuel characteristics of sunflower oil and base diesel fuel were determined according to standart ASTM D 975-90. Fuel oil characteristics of sunflower oil and base fuel oil (heating oil type) were determined according to standart ASTM D 396- 90 and the results were given in Table 1. Sunflower oil has got characteristics to be evaluated as heating oil. Sunflower oil viscosity is higher than the viscosity of diesel fuel. But other fuel characteristics are within the range of the standard. Engine tests, using reference diesel fuel and sunflower oil were performed on a Pancar Motor, E-108 type, single-cylinder (cylinder volume : 1007 cm3), direct- injection, air-cooled diesel engine having a bore/stroke ratio 108 mm/110 mm. The engine tests were conducted at six engine speeds (1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200 and 2300 rpm) under part load condition. The engine performance characteristics; power (Pe, kW), torque (Md, Nm), specific fuel consumption (be, g/kWh), brake mean pressure (pme, kPa), effective efficiency (t)e, %) and exhaust emission characteristics; CO, CO2, HC, NO, NOx and smoke emissions were calculated as a function of revolution per minute (n, rpm). At the conclusion of tests; comparing data obtained from sunflower oil and diesel fuel; for sunflower oil in respect to diesel fuel; torque, power, brake mean pressure and smoke emissions decreased, specific fuel consumption, effective efficiency and CO, CO2, NO, NOx and HC emissions increased. xivTable 1. Fuel properties of sunflower oil, diesel fuel and fuel oil. Long term test for sunflower oil were conducted at 1 600 rpm speed under part load condition for 50 hours. During the test, the engine experienced no significant differences in drop or increase in power and fuel consumption. Lubricating oil characteristics exhibited no remarkable change. Tar and coke formation on the injector was determined; but clogging problem was not encountered. xvShort and long term tests showed the fact of possibility of sunflower oil use in direct injection engines by developing engine working conditions. It also displayed the necessity of the precautions to be taken for improving combustion. This study is the first step of a long research planned for sunflower oil. It is a good value of basic information and the results are promising for the future tests. Sunflower oil is a potential renewable energy source. Sunflower has to be cultivated for energy production and it has to take its place among other alternative fuels in energy planning and researches in Turkey. xvi
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