Dünyada ve ülkemizde mevcut geri kazanım çalışmalarının ve geri kazanılabilen atıkların kaynakta ayırımının incelenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 66556
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. İSMAİL TORÖZ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 156
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışma ile; Dünyada, Türkiye genelinde ve İstanbul' da geri kazanılabilir atıkların ayırımı konusunda mevcut durumun, şu anda dünyada ve Türkiye' de gerçekleştirilen geri kazanım çalışmalarının, katı atık toplama yöntemlerinin, geri kazanım programlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Özet olarak birinci bölümde; çöplerin kaynakta ayrı toplanmasının ve çalışmanın önemi, ikinci bölümde; Türkiye'de geçerli olan katı atık yönetimi, üçüncü bölümde; gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki çöp bileşenleri, Türkiye'de genel katı atık özellikleri ve İstanbul'daki çöp özellikleri, dördüncü bölümde; ülkemizde katı atıkların ve geri kazanılabilir atıkların toplanma yöntemleri, beşinci bölümde; geri kazanım için ülkemizde yapılan çalışmalar ve ambalaj atıklarına uygulanan işlemler, altıncı bölümde;geri kazanımın ön koşullan ve geri kazanılan maddelerin kullanımı ve dünyadaki uygulamaları, yedinci bölümde; malzemeleri kaynağında ayırma metodları, sekizinci bölümde; dünyada uygulanan katı atık toplama yöntemleri, dokuzuncu bölümde; A.B.D.'de geri kazanım eğitimi, pazar geliştirme programları ve politika seçenekleri, onuncu bölümde; İstanbul katı atik yönetim teknolojisi ile ilgili teknik bilgiler anlatılmıştır. Onikinci bölümde ise diğer bölümlerde anlatılan bilgiler temel alındıktan sonra, Bahçelievler İlçesinin geri kazanılabilir atıkları için uygulanacak toplama sistemi seçeneklerinin üretilmesi, bu seçeneklerin maliyetlerinin hesaplanması ve ne zaman uygulamaya geçirilmesi gerektiğinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Ancak Bahçelievler ilçesi için bu seçenekler sunulmadan önce, halkın eğitim seviyesi, geri kazanım hakkında ne oranda bilgi sahibi oldukları ve eğer belediye yönetimi tarafından kaynakta ayrım programı getirilmesi halinde katılımın sağlanıp sağlanamayacağı yolundaki bilgilerin belirlenmesi için halka yönelik anket çalışması yapılmıştır. XI
Özet (Çeviri)
THE RESOURCES WORK FOR THE EXISTING RECYCLING PROCESSES AND THE SORTING OF THE RECYCLE WASTE AT THE COURSE IN THE WORLD AND IN TURKEY SUMMARY For ages human been owns things, uses them and as soon as there is no more need for them they are thrown away. As a result a growing amount of solid waste is accumulating day after day. In our day, as the Socio-Economic standards grow higher the solid waste grows with assertion rate parallel to it. In this mater the transporting and storing of this accumulating waste is turning into a big problem. The recycling process and planing this process with fast actions area necessity and very important. In this study work, the existing collecting systems for solid waste and different solid waste components, different methods of dealing with the solid waste in the different countries, Turkey and specially Istanbul city, has been observed. The main waste components, re-cycling waste and other solid waste amounts vary from one country to another and also depending on the living standards and economic growth which plays an important role in this mater. The living standards and development level effects the rate of re-cycled waste (plastics, packages) within the waste in general. The urban solid waste components in the developed and developing countries is shown in Table 3.4 and Table 3.5. In these tables it is clearly shown that the recycled rate in the solid waste in the developed countries is between % 40-60, the rate in developing countries varies between % 8-50, in Turkey this rate is % 20-30. The collecting of solid waste in Turkey is done by the municipalities. After the collecting, and storing, some people select the recycled waste and separate it. Because of the low quality of the separated solid waste, both the lose of value and low quality of the recycled can easily be observed. The applications performed in the packaging material waste is as following; 1. Collecting; For the apartment buildings, the door keepers collect the solid waste, and select the waste that has value and sale it. XllThe using hand carriages and horse carriages collect the solid waste from the apartments waste boxes after making some selections and separating the waste with value and then seal it to the specialist people in this sector. In the case of plastic they seal it to the granulators and breakers. 2. Storing; In our countries the technology of collection, recycling, evaluating is not modern enough. The solid waste collected in the final aside point by the municipalities damages the environment because of non planed selection of the storing area, and the absence of any storing technologies. In some big cities the collected organic waste is processed in the compost installations. 3. Garbage (Waste) Contractors; These are the persons how rent out, for a certain period, the collecting stations chosen by the municipalities. 4. Scrap Dealer, Breakers, Granulators ; The scrap dealers buy the waste material from the collectors of from the contractors. The breakers buy the plastic waste and brake it and then use the separating pools to separate the not useful material. The granulators grind the plastic and seal the granules to the people and firms working in the plastic industry. The Primary Conditions For Recycling; Collecting; The wastes should have a practical place where it can be evaluated, and connected in an economic and systematic way. There are two basic ways of collecting the recycling waste: - encourage the consumer to supply the recycled waste. - buying from the consumer. In both methods the collected material depends on the specification of the structures in the area for the recycling process. The mater can be reviewed in three deferent ways; - collecting all the recycled waste at one go xm- collecting the row material separately - collecting some of the selected recycled in one go. From the view of the consumers the above mentioned get more difficult from up-to down, and this effects the success of the application because the participants become less at every stage. The factors that should be considered in planing the recycled: - Providing easy transport for collecting reach is from door to door, - The consumers habits, - Integration of the collection and evaluation methods, capacities that already exist in the new system and problems facing them, - The specialist of the application areas structures, - The amount of the total solid waste per person. The following four elements are listed in the collecting systems; -Sales with deposit, - Motivating volunteers, - Rewarding - Buying. Sorting; The material that is collected for recycling should be selected in a method in a way that enables this method to function a. Separating in the source: In this case the recycled waste is put in bags and the collection and separation is done by the consumer in its source. The pollution in this kind is very little. b. Separating during collecting: The different material that comes from the houses in a separate bag are put in special parts of the collecting vehicle and the separation is done by the workers. Minimizing the transferring cost of the classified material is the advantage of this separating method. XIVc. Separating from the center: The recycled waste collected together are separated in the center. Because it can be controlled, its a safe and preferred choice. The technology of separating varies from one area to another depending on the development level, collecting capacity of the recycled waste and the infra-structure and its stability factors. Besides the separating by hand, other technology is used: ? Air blowing ? Floating ? Optic readers ? Classification by chemical reactions ? Separating by electromagnetic equipment The prices of collect packaging waste shows that implementing the recycling process has its environmental importance besides its economic value (see table 6.2. and 6.3) In order to maximize the recycled waste level, many types of technologies and programs were developed, such as the activities towards the customers and the wide range mechanical installations. The material recycling program includes the material separating, the material processing, the marketing and sales of the recycled material, turning this material into second new products. The Choices of material recycling 1- The recycling programs of separating the materials at the source -The recycling process at the housing units:. The recycling from the apartments.. The recycling from the curbside.. Commercial and industrial recycling.. Voluntary recycling drop-offs.. Buy back centers.. Special campaigns. 2. Material recycling installations 3. The process of mixed wastes. XVThe confrontation between the recycling choices for Istanbul City: The following three recycling choices have been shown for Istanbul by the CH2M firm: 1. The separating and recycling installation at the source. 2. The processing of mixed waste at the transferring stations. 3. The processing of solid waste at the dumping zone of the mixed waste. For Istanbul city, the third choice has been reported as the most convenient choice The Work Study Made for the Bahcelievler District A public survey work has been made for this thesis. In this the cultural level of the people, there satisfaction of the existing waste collecting system, what will be there participation if the separation of solid waste at the source by the municipality faces difficulties, the recognition of the recycled waste from the rest of the waste has been shown. The survey result show that the population is enthusiastic towards the recycling at the source system which will be implemented by the municipality. The separate collection of the urban waste (the dry waste that can be recycled, and the wet waste that can't be recycled), shows that this system is the most economic recycling methods in the world. In this study work only the estimated costs for the separate collection of the waste components according to the regulations have been calculated. Three choices were suggested and the investment process costs were calculated. 1. Collecting from the curbside by the bag system. The apartment owners pot there cycled waste in the bags and have it ready for the collecting trucks to transfer the waste to the separating centers. 2. Collecting from the by plastic buckets that can be re - used. The apartment, owners use 50 L volume plastic buckets that can be re-used for the re-cycled waste and put it on the curbside. 3. Collecting from the containers at the curbside containers will be used for collecting the re -cycled waste, each container will be located for 4 apartment buildings and with the capacity for the service of 640 persons. The consumer will be asked to use it for collecting the re-cycled waste. By considering the conditions of Bahcelievler district and specially the knowledge of the consumer in that area, the first choice will be implemented as a beginning. At the second stage and after giving the people concentrated education the second choice will be implemented. During all this process, and after preparing the legal precautions to prevent persons from collecting the waste from the curbside and as the knowledge of the people gets wider, the third choice be implemented. XVIThe Evaluation of The Survey Results: The survey work was done in 250 houses. The question no. 6 in the survey was ( How do you remove your garbage?). Out of 250 houses % 44.8 put the garbage in front of the door and the garbage men take it from there. % 55.2 put the garbage in the waste drums. % 58.8 were satisfied with the current waste collecting system, % 38.4 were not satisfied and % 2.4 were sometimes satisfied. % 8 of the people put the waste in it's proper place, % 58.8 do not do so and % 3 1.2 pot it in the proper place. The persons that put the garbage in forbidden areas say that the reasons for that are not many drums available, delaying in the collection of the garbage and the far location of the drums. But all these excuses are not accepted to pollute the environment. As for the question (Can you recognize some of the material in the waste that can be re processed and re used ?), the answers were % 79.2 could recognize it, % 20.8 could not do so. % 54,5 of the persons how stated that they knew the recycled waste, actually only knew some of them. For question no. 12, % 50 of how answered yes persons, in fact did not know that metal material could be recycled. For question no. 13, the persons how gave a complete right answer were % 26.7 primary, % 16.7 secondary, % 30 high school and % 26.6 university graduates. The females how gave a complete right answer to this question were % 24.2 primary, % 33.3 secondary, % 64.3 high school, %80 university graduates. The last results show that the higher education the people get, there environmental knowledge grows more. The answers to question no. 14 shows that the daily garbage rate per person is 0.5 - 1 kg. % 42 of the people choose the products during shopping according to the way of packaging, % 14.4 do not do so and % 43.6 do that some times. %81.6 of the people choose the healthy way of packaging. And for this choice the first thing that comes to there made is glass. For question no. 17, ( Will you participate in an application for collecting the recycled waste implemented by the municipality), %8.4 stated that they will not participate, %91.6 stated that they will participate in such an application. %58 of how answered negatively were primary, %14 were secondary, % 14 were high school and %14 were university graduates. During shopping, %81.6 of the people prefer the products that are packed in a healthy way and in this mater the first thing that comes to there mind is glass packed products. XVllAlthough %91.6 of the people living in the suburb of Bahçelievler are willing to participate in the sorting at the source system, the low cultural level indicates the difficulties that face implementing this application. Because the solid waste in the suburb is collected at average twice a week, the people do not accumulate the waste in there houses. Before starting this application, the people should be given information regarding this subject and encouraged. At the same time, a well planed penalty (fine) system should be put forward. XVlll
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