Bazı reaktif boyarmaddelerinin farklı koşullardaki boyama özelliklerinin incelenmesi
Investigation the dyening properties of some reactive dyes at different conditions
- Tez No: 66609
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. AYŞEGÜL ERSOY-MERİÇBOYU
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Kimya Mühendisliği, Chemical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1997
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Kimya Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 94
Özet
The major practical criteria in the selection of dyes include the most economical means of obtaining the required colour and fastness with satisfactory dyeing quality. Washing is a process of paramount importance. At the end of dyeing the fibre contains unfixed hydrolysed dye and possibly some residual active dye. Before a reactive dyeing can show its true fastness such loose colour must be removed or rendered insignificant in amount. It is remarkable how little unfixed colour causes an unacceptable stain on adjacent white meterial. The avarage amount of unfixed colour necessary to produce a stain equivalent to a grey scale 4 rating is only about 0.003% of dye, with a range of 0.002- 0.007% depending on tinctorial strenght. It must be stressed that these amounts do not represent how much loose dye can be left in the bulk of a dyed package, e.g. if there is a risk of migration during drying after washing-off. The amount must be sufficiently small to ensure that after migtarion the dyed yarn on the outside of the package still has adequate fastness. The need to limit the amount of unfixed dye to this extent means that washing-off can be laborious, timeconsuming and wasteful of water. Much effort has been expanded in defining ways by which this essential process can be carried out effectively. When the best possible washing-off treatment has been given, aftertreatment is carried out in a fresh bath of cold water and then the temperature is raised to the optimum level for the specific agent selected. A final rinse is not essential. If a cationic or non- ionic softening agent is applied to winch-dyed knitgoods the exhausted softening bath can be use to apply the dye-fixing agent. Treatment with a dye-fixing agent should never be regarded as a substitute for the most efficient washing-off process that circumstances allow. When an excess of loose dye remains in the washed-off goods there is always the risk that formation of the insoluble dye-agent complex will lead to unacceptable rubbing fastness, especially in subsequent wet-abrasive treatments. Certain reactive dyes also suffer a decrease in light fastness on aftertreatment with a cationic fixing agent, and changes in hue or brightness may occur. Accidents and errors can never be eliminated completely. Sometimes it is necessary to strip reactive dyeings to permit redyeing of the desired colour. Destructive methods used for stripping other classes of dyes from cotton may be effective, but any reactive dyeings containing metal-complex dyes should be boiled first in a solution of a metal sequestrant and then thoroughly washed before either alkaline reduction or oxidative stripping treatment. As with other classes of dyes, individual or related reactive dyes sometimes show specific fastness limitations. Although most reactive dyeings that have been applied and washed-off correctly show excelent fastness to washing, hardly any of them are fast to chlorine (hypochlorite or chlorite bleaching). Nevertheless many dyes will withstand treatment in chlorinated water (i.e swimming pools) or washing with dilute hypochlorite present. Careful selection is necessary if dyeings are required to withstand peroxide bleaching, but many behave satisfactorily on washing in the presence of sodium perborate. Reactive dyes are not suitable for traditional bleaching processes involving a soda boil and hypochlorite bleach. Selection of reactive dyes XI
Özet (Çeviri)
INVESTIGATION THE DYEING PROPERTIES OF SOME REACTIVE DYES AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS SUMMARY Early practical dyeing procedures for reactive dyes were based on extensive empirical studies guided by the theories of dyeing extant prior to their discovery. Dyeing processes have been refined in detail to accord with extensive experience on a large scale and with fundamental research. in spite of the basic simplicity of reactive dyeing, the uniqueness of the various commercially available ranges of dyes can lead to some confiısion, especially amongst colourists who wish to exploit some special feature in dyes selected from different rangers. Few instances are met where dyes of öne manufacturer are used in a common application recipe with dyes of another maker. Incompatibilities are feared and, indeed, often exist, because of the idiosyncracies shown by products from different ranges. in the foregoing respects reactive dyes differ from ali other classes of dyes for cellulose. Even if competing dyes have identical chrmophores, notable differences might be found in those fastness properties dependent on the nature of the dye-fibre bond. The first rangers of reactive dyes could be classified as cold dyeing (highly reactive) ör höt dyeing (moderately reactive). More recently have been introduced that are best suited to dyeing at intermediate temperatures. Certain ranges have been developed in order to satisfy particular requirements, including those designed specifically to meet the needs of long-liquor dyeing, textile printing ör continuous dyeing. No other class of textile colorant has been so \videly extended to meet the varying needs of the colounst. Reactive dyes can be applied by batchwise dyeing methods of ali types to cellulosic materials. The dyeing process consists of three stages: 1.Exhaustion from an aqueous bath containing common salt ör glauber's salt, normally under neutral conditions 2.Addition of an alkali to promote fiırther uptake and chemical reaction of absorbed dye with the fibre 3.Dyed material is then rinsed and soaped to remove electrolyte, alkali and unfixed dye. Processes v/hereby stages l and 2 are partly ör fülly combined have been developed to meet special requirements. The varying nature of dyes containing different reactive viiigroups necessitates the use of dyeing temperatures that can range from ambient temperatures to the boil. Using specially selected dyes, temperatures above the atmospheric boil can be applied in pressurised package-dyeing equipment, but this is seldom necessary. Except it special cases, batchwise preparation before dyeing is conducted either in the dyeing machine itself ör in adjacent machines of similar design reserved for this purpose. Routines for the preparation of cotton, viscose and flax are well established. The essential requirements for batchwise dyeing with reactive dyes are that the goods must be made available to the dyer in a netrual, uniform and readily absorbent state. in contrast to the dyeing of vat ör sulphur dyes, typical reactive dyeing processes will not eliminate natural ör added fats and waxes. When raw cotton is to be dyed, good results are readily obtained after a through batchwise pre-scour. However, accaptable results are offen possible without lenghty pretreatment, e. g. batchvvise dyeing of knitted fabrics with hot-dyeing reactive dyes in the presence of a powerfull wetting agent, ör the pad-batch dyeing of knitgoods with a similar auxiliary. Sizing meterials must always be removed from woven goods because of their marked tendency to react with the dyes. There is consedirable variation in the ability of reactive dyes to cover dead ör immature cotton. For this reason it may sometimes become neccesary to causticise ör semi-mercerise woven fabrics in order to produce a satisfactory appereance in certain colours. Such pretreatments (including fiili mercerisation) give the added effect of better color value. Viscose fabrics are sometimes significantly improved by mild pre- causticisation. Because of the brilliance of many reactive dyes, sufficiontly bright results are attainable on cotton without pre-bleaching of woven fabrics. Thoroughly desized and boiled-out goods can be used in many cases, thus presenting a financial saving. Where bleaching is neccesary it is imperative to check that ali traces of residual chlorine ör peroxy compounds and alkali are removed prior to dyeing, othenvise loss of reactivity and even partial destruction of the dye can occur. Fabric for.dyeing must be uniformly neutral; a pH no higher than 7 should be recorded when samples have been thoroughly extracted in boiling distilled water. Alkalinity can be corrected by careftıll addition of dilute acetic acid, but an excess should be avoided since carboxyl ions can catalyse the hydrolysis of many rective dyes in solution. Apart from several well-publicised exceptions, reactive dyes have good solubility. Few show serious sensitivity to hard water, but, because the fixation stage demands alkali, precipitation of hardness constituents is inevitable. This is a serious hazard and soft water should be used for ali dissolving and dyebath operations. The use of common salt and Glauber's salts, in large amounts is essential to ali batchwise dyeing processes. The relativite price and availability of common salt and Glauber's salt varies considerably in different parts of the world and selection must take account of this. Common salt is appreciably more soluable and easier to dissolve in water than Glauber's salt, so in most batchvvise dyeing systems the necessary ixadditions are made in the form of the dry product. Salt, from \vhatever source, must be free from alkali, since the latter causes prematüre fixation ör hydrolysis of the dye. Whilst soda ash (98% anhydrous sodium carbonate ) is probably the most widely used alkali in reactive dyeing, sodium bicarbonate and caustic soda are also important these three agents, either separately ör İn binary mixtures, can span the range pH 8-12, of interest for ali reactive dyeing methods. Soda ash of high purity is recommended. Additions are made to the dyebath from well-diluted solutions. Sodium bicarbonate is widely used in dyeing viscouse and cotton, sometimes to provide a ready means of liberating sodium carbonate to increase pH during a rise in temperature. it may be used in conjunction with soda ash to provide conditions of intermediate pH. Sodium bicarbonate should not be stored in höt damp conditions and, as with soda ash dry scoops should be used when vveighing. Most importantly sodium bicarbonate should be dissolved at low temperatures, and direct heating by steam injection must be avoided. Caustic soda, free from impurities, especially iron. is used in form of solutions prepared from solid flake ör, more frequently and for convenience, caustic liquors of known concentration. in normal circumstances, provided goods have been efficiently prapered for exhaust dyeing, it is unnecesary to add wetting ör levelling agents to the dyebath. in conventional winch dyeing of tubular-knitted cotton, however, wetting agents provide a lubricating action for the avoidance of rope marks. If used, quantities should be minimal and consistent. Any excess of agent may exert a restraining action on öne ör more of the dyes in a mixture. After any pretreatment with wetting agent, thorough rinsing is adviable before a fresh bath is set for dyeing, in the interest of precise reproducibility. in many instances, however, dyeing can be carried out in the bath used for wetting out. Unwanted foam in dyeing machinery is eliminated by careful addition of selected antifoam agents. Defoaming agents are sometimes already incorporated in reactive dye formulations. A\ consequence arising from the large number of dyes based on different reactive system is the multiplicity of recommendations in terms of electrolyte, alkali and temperature. Each seperate range of dyes offered to the trade has demended a specific set of compromises so that each dye will match a defrned band of reactivity and efficiency condferred by the chemical and physical properties of the specific reactive system. it is clear that: (a)Dyes containing different reactive system have difFerent detailed requirements in a given dyeing method; additonaly fastness properties may be influenced by the reactive system (b)Dyes within a commercial range in which the individual products contain the same reactive group differ in the magnitude of the 'compromises' made to süit a given method of dyeing, but no more so than with other dye classes, such as direct ör vat dyes. xThe major practical criteria in the selection of dyes include the most economical means of obtaining the required colour and fastness with satisfactory dyeing quality. Washing is a process of paramount importance. At the end of dyeing the fibre contains unfixed hydrolysed dye and possibly some residual active dye. Before a reactive dyeing can show its true fastness such loose colour must be removed or rendered insignificant in amount. It is remarkable how little unfixed colour causes an unacceptable stain on adjacent white meterial. The avarage amount of unfixed colour necessary to produce a stain equivalent to a grey scale 4 rating is only about 0.003% of dye, with a range of 0.002- 0.007% depending on tinctorial strenght. It must be stressed that these amounts do not represent how much loose dye can be left in the bulk of a dyed package, e.g. if there is a risk of migration during drying after washing-off. The amount must be sufficiently small to ensure that after migtarion the dyed yarn on the outside of the package still has adequate fastness. The need to limit the amount of unfixed dye to this extent means that washing-off can be laborious, timeconsuming and wasteful of water. Much effort has been expanded in defining ways by which this essential process can be carried out effectively. When the best possible washing-off treatment has been given, aftertreatment is carried out in a fresh bath of cold water and then the temperature is raised to the optimum level for the specific agent selected. A final rinse is not essential. If a cationic or non- ionic softening agent is applied to winch-dyed knitgoods the exhausted softening bath can be use to apply the dye-fixing agent. Treatment with a dye-fixing agent should never be regarded as a substitute for the most efficient washing-off process that circumstances allow. When an excess of loose dye remains in the washed-off goods there is always the risk that formation of the insoluble dye-agent complex will lead to unacceptable rubbing fastness, especially in subsequent wet-abrasive treatments. Certain reactive dyes also suffer a decrease in light fastness on aftertreatment with a cationic fixing agent, and changes in hue or brightness may occur. Accidents and errors can never be eliminated completely. Sometimes it is necessary to strip reactive dyeings to permit redyeing of the desired colour. Destructive methods used for stripping other classes of dyes from cotton may be effective, but any reactive dyeings containing metal-complex dyes should be boiled first in a solution of a metal sequestrant and then thoroughly washed before either alkaline reduction or oxidative stripping treatment. As with other classes of dyes, individual or related reactive dyes sometimes show specific fastness limitations. Although most reactive dyeings that have been applied and washed-off correctly show excelent fastness to washing, hardly any of them are fast to chlorine (hypochlorite or chlorite bleaching). Nevertheless many dyes will withstand treatment in chlorinated water (i.e swimming pools) or washing with dilute hypochlorite present. Careful selection is necessary if dyeings are required to withstand peroxide bleaching, but many behave satisfactorily on washing in the presence of sodium perborate. Reactive dyes are not suitable for traditional bleaching processes involving a soda boil and hypochlorite bleach. Selection of reactive dyes XIfor military fabrics is restricted by the usual requirements of infra-red reflectance and resistance to weathering. This study deals with the investigation of the dyeing properties of some reactive group dyes. In the experiments 100% cotton product has been dyed with reactive group dyes using exhaust method at different sold and alkali concentrations. Also effect of temperature on the dyeing process was investigated. Parallel to an increase in salt concentration of fiottated material, the dyeing power values of fabrics dyed with three reactive dyes are increased due to increasing substantivity. At constant salt concentrations, the dyeing power of the fabrics dyed with three different reactive dyes were increased due to the increase of caustic soda concentration of the flottated material. 100% cotton fabric was also dyed at two different temperatures at 323 K and 333 K. Results indicated that the dyeing powers of fabrics dyed with Bl, B2 at 323 K are lower than those dyed at 333 K. However dyeing powers of fabrics dyed with B3 at 323 K were found to be greater that those dyed at 333 K. xn
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