İstanbul atıksu arıtma tesislerinden ortaya çıkacak çamur miktarlarının belirlenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75348
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. CUMALİ KINACI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği, Environmental Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 196
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı İstanbul için planlanan atıksu arıtma tesislerinin verilerini kullanarak her bir arıtma kademesi için her bir atıksu arıtma tesisinde oluşacak çamur miktarını hesaplamak, günümüzde dünyada uygulanan çamur arıtma proseslerini tanıtarak önerilen çamur arıtma sistemlerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak ve çeşitli alternatiflerin maliyet açısından karşılaştırılmalarında yararlı olacak bazı veriler üretmektir. Yukarıdaki amaç doğrultusunda mevcut çamur arıtma prosesleri ve sistemleri tek tek tanıtılmış, atıksu arıtma tesisleri için ön çöktürme, kimyasal madde ilaveli ön çöktürme, biyolojik arıtma ve ileri derece arıtma kademelerinde ortaya çıkacak çamurlar her bir tesis için ayrı ayrı hesaplanmış, çamur üretimlerinin yıllara göre değişimleri grafikler halinde gösterilmiştir. Böylece her bir atıksu arıtma sisteminde ortaya çıkacak çamurun nasıl bertaraf edilebileceğine karar vermeyi kolaylaştıracak çok miktarda veri üretilmiştir. Yapılan hesaplarda en fazla çamurun ön çökeltim tankına kimyasal madde ilavesi durumunda ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Öyle ki kimyasal çöktürme halinde ortaya çıkacak çamurun, üçüncü derece arıtma halinde ortaya çıkacak çamurdan yaklaşık 1,32 kat daha fazla olacağı hesaplanmıştır. İstanbul'da ortaya çıkacak toplam çamur miktarı da hesaplanmış ve örnek olarak tüm İstanbul için hesaplanan 2010 yılında ortaya çıkacak çamur miktarları aşağıda verilmiştir: En fazla çamur kimyasal çökeltme durumunda meydana gelmekle birlikte ekonomik açıdan karşılaştırmanın“çamur arıtma dahil biyolojik ve ileri arıtma maliyeti”ile“ön çökeltim tankına kimyasal madde ilavesi”arasında yapılmasının daha doğru olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. İSKİ için hazırlanmakta olan master planda 2010 yılına kadar ikinci kademe (biyolojik) arıtma tesislerinin tamamlanacağı belirtilmektedir. En azından bu tarihe kadar ön çökeltme tankına kimyasal madde ilavesi ile Marmara Denizi'ndeki kirlenme kısmen kontrol altına alınabilir. Diğer arıtma kademelerinin tamamlanması durumunda kimyasal madde ilavesinin kesilmesi, tesislerde hiç bir tadilatı gerektirmeyeceğinden ilave bir masraf söz konusu olmayacaktır. XI
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE CALCULATION OF THE AMOUNT OF SLUDGE FROM ISTANBUL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Istanbul, with its population of about 10 million, is a metropolitan. The disposal of the sludge from treatment steming from this population requires a pre-study. In the previous studies, sludges from treatment were suggested to be get disposaled of by means of being sent to proper landfill after thickening by gravitation, anaerobic digestion (Incineration in Tuzla and Küçükçekmece) and dewatering by centrifugal processes, and the mechanical treatment alternatives with chemical addition hadn't been taken into consideration at all. At least, till the secondary and tertiary treatment plants were constructed, the bring down of all parameters except for nitrogen under the constitutional limits by means of chemical addition to the primary settling tank could be chosen as a method. In this case it would be an important point to calculate the amount of the sludge due to come from the settling tank and to compare this method on the economic base with the other alternatives. The target of this study, is to calculate the sludge amount from each waste water treatment plant of each stage by means of using the data regarding the waste water treatment plants which have been planned to be constructed for Istanbul, and is to give more information about the suggested sludge treatment systems by demonstrating the sludge treatment process alternative currently used worldwide, and is to produce the data necessary for comparing the various alternatives both economically and on technological basis. Especially one of the important targets is to to calculate the sludge amount from the primary sedimentation tank when chemicals are added. Another target is to produce the necessary data to evaluate the different alternatives in respect of both economical conditions and technological basis. For the target mentioned above, first the existing sludge treatment processes and systems have been explained one by one, the amount of sludge due to come from the primary sedimentation tank, primary sedimentation tank with chemical addition, biological treatment and advanced treatment systems in waste water treatment plants has been calculated for each of the plants, the change in the production of sludge. Thus a good deal of data has been acquired as to help us to descide how we could deal with the sludge from each different kind of waste water treatment system. For the calculation of the amount of the sludge from the primary treatment system, we suggested a reduction of 60 % in the“total suspended solids”amount. A XIIreduction by 97 % in phosphorous and 92 % in“total suspended solids”amount has been taken as basis when FeCİ3 of 200 mg/1 is added. For the sludge that will form in the biological treatment stage, Y yield coefficient as 0.6, ko endogenous decay coefficient as 0.06 and sludge age has been taken as 10 days. The calculation of the amount of sludge from the tertiary treatment system has been conducted in similar way to the one of biological treatment stage. Sludge calculation formula has been given as follows: Px = Yobs x Q x (SBoig - Sboiç) x 10“3 Y fobs Where l+kDx9c Px : Waste activated sludge, kg VSS/ day Yobs : Net yield coefficient, kg VSS/ /kg BOD Q : Wastewater flowrate, m3/day Snoig : Inlet BOD concentration, mg/lt Sboiç : Outlet BOD concentration, mg/lt Y : Yield Coefficient, kg VSS/ /kg BOD ko : Endegoneous decay coefficient, 0.06 day”1 9c : Sludge retention time, 1 0 day The amount of sludge from each of the waste water treatment plants according to years have been given in Tables and graphics. It is possible to see all this sludge amount comparatively by means of these tables and graphics. It is an easier way to descide on the sludge treatment method by looking at the amount of sludge produced. The amount of sludge in Asian and European Sides has been given in tabled graphics below as it has been thought it would be helpful in determining the possible places for the sludge treatment systems. As you would see in the graphics, most of the sludge comes from the primary sedimentation tank when added chemicals. This is as the amount of sludge from the primary sedimentation tank with chemical addition is 1.32 times more than the total amount of sludge from the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment systems. The total amount of sludge to be produced in İstanbul has also been calculated and shown in graphic. XIIIThe“Istanbul Sludge Management Project”conducted in 1993 has suggested that the sludge from primary sedimentation tank first be taken to gravity thickener, and that from biological treatment to floatation thickener, and then passing through anaerobic digestion process and centrifugal dewatering be taken to landfill or be incinerated without passing through digestion process as to burn them with the ashes be sent to landfill for Riva, Tuzla, Küçükçekmece and Baltalimanı; and for Büyükada, Heybeliada, Kinahada, Burgazada and Terkos gravity thickenning + anaerobic digestion + centrifugal dewatering + landfill; for Paşaköy the sludge from primary sedimentation tank first pass through gravity thickener, and that from biological treatment first through floatation thickener and then be taken to landfill; for Tepeören it has been suggested the sludge be processed in anaerobic digestion and centrifugal dewatering stages after treated in thickener and then be sent to landfill as last stage. And in the master plan study floatation still continueing, for Yenikapı, Baltalimanı, Terkos, Kilyos, Batı Marmara it has been suggested that the sludge be treated as thickenning + anaerobic digestion + centrifugal dewatering + landfill; and for Kadıköy + Göksu, Büyükada, Kinahada, Burgazada and Heybeliada as gravity thickenning + centrifugal dewatering + landfill; for Büyükçekmece and Paşaköy it has been suggested that sludge from primary sedimentation tank shall first go through gravity thickener, that from biological treatment through floatation thickener and then be taken to landfill; for Tepeören floatation thickenning + anaerobic digestion + sludge drying + landfill; for Küçükçekmece and Tuzla it has been suggested as sludge from primary sedimentation tank first be treated in gravity thickener, that from biological treatment in floatation thickener, and then by passing through anaerobic digestion and centrifugal dewatering processes be sent to landfill or be incinirated without digestion process as to send the ashes to landfill. In Istanbul wastewater catchment area we have concluded as follows;“The disposal of treatment sludges ”is an important issue in 'İstanbul Waste Water Management Policy“ that should be studied carefully and 1. Though the subject of waste water treatment has been widely negotiated, the disposal of sludge subject is limited with only a few studies and investigations. It requires more studies for sludge treatment and disposal for Istanbul. 2. There are many deficiencies in the sludge treatment legal constitution. There are unclear points regarding the final disposal of treatment sludges. As a natural consequence of this, we haven't got sufficient amount of knowledge about the sludge disposal of existing treatment systems. 3. In the Master Plan Study conducted up to now on the subject of Istanbul Wastewater Treatment Management, nutrient removal has been suggested for the protection of Marmara Sea from pollution. And only biological treatment has been suggested among those alternatives presented. But in fact it is possible to bring down all the parameters except for nitrogen under acceptable limits by XIVprimary sedimentation tank of chemical addition till the construction of secondary stage or advanced biological treatment plants. The investigations on this subject conducted by Özcan and others (1993) show that this is true. 4. In this study, for 15 wastewater catchment area in Istanbul, some alternatives have been presented as follows; ”Primary sedimentation tank“, ”primary sedimentation tank of 200 mg/lt FeCİ3, addition“, ”primary sedimentation tank plus biological treatment plus biological nutrient removal“ for each of all these alternatives, the sludge amount to be produced has been calculated. As a sample, the sludge amount for all Istanbul for the year of 2010 has been given below; As you can see from the table above, most of the sludge comes from the chemical precipitation. In this case, it is obvious that the cost of sludge treatment will be more than the cost of other alternatives. But the cost evaluation should include the comparison between ”the biological and tertiary treatment together with sludge treatment“ and ”“the primary sedimentation of chemical addition”In the most plan being prepared for İSKİ, it is mentioned that the second stage (biological) treatment plants will be completed till the year of 2010. At least till that time, with the chemical addition to primary sedimentation tank, Marmara Sea could be protected from impurities partially. On the other hand ending of chemical addition with the completion of other above mentioned plants, would not bring on extra cost since there would' nt be any revision on the plants. Though incineration of the sludge is an expensive alternative, it is an advantageous method for Istanbul since there remains only a little amount of matter to be sent to landfill. But either in“Sludge Management Study”conducted in 1993 or in the master plan still continuing, there exists no information regarding the calculation of dry solid weight and volume for the ashes and the ludge to be sent to landfill. Execution of this calculation, is an important concept for comparison of alternatives, for determining the landfill place and landfill area. XV7. In the previous studies, various alternatives have been presented for sludge treatments two alternatives, so contrary to each other have been put down as follows;. Construction of sludge treatment plants next to each of the wastewater treatment plants,. Collection of sludge from Asian Side in one center, and collection of sludge from European Side in another center, and the disposal of the sludge therem. Collecting the sludge in a certain center and treating them there is a very difficult thing technologically. We need more studies for evaluation and investigation of feasibility as how to execute the transfer the sludge. 8. The total investment cost of sludge treatment systems suggested in Master Plan (1997) is about 235x 106 USD, and the operational cost is about 70x 106 USD / year The investment cost itself is 5 trilion USD as one USD equals to 210.000 TL. Adding the operational cost on this, we reach high costs. It is an important point to supply the finance and to execute the work program together with the construction of wastewater treatment plants! If we need to make an order of processes, this would be as first putting down the criterias and considering the investment timing together with economical actuation. xvi
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