İstanbul'un kentsel gelişme sistemi içinde konut alanları dağılımının incelenmesi
Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.
- Tez No: 75502
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. FULİN BÖLEN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1998
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Şehir Planlama Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: 121
Özet
ÖZET Günümüzde İstanbul Metropoliten Kenti'nin, kontrolsüz, hızlı bir kentsel büyüme göstermesi karşısında çözüm arayışları, İstanbul'un dünya üzerindeki stratejik konumu ve globalleşme süreci içindeki dünya metropolü olabilme çabalan bağlamında daha da önem kazanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, İstanbul'un değişim süreci içinde yeni konut alanlarının oluşumunun mevcut kentsel gelişme modeliyle ilişkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu çalışma, biri giriş olmak üzere 5 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci Bölümde, kentsel sistemler ve konut alam yerseçimi davranışlarıyla ilgili kuramsal yaklaşımlar gözden geçirilmiş, çalışmaya yönelik kuramlar irdelenmiştir. İkinci Bölümde, İstanbul Metropoliten Alanı'nın belirlenen amaç doğrultusunda, kentsel gelişme ve mekansal yapı ilişkileri, İstanbul'un Marmara Bölgesi içindeki yeri, demografik, coğrafik yapı özellikleri fiziki mekana indirgenerek incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü Bölümde, İstanbul'da Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü verilerinden elde edilen yeni konut alanlarının ilçelere göre dağılımı ve mevcut kentsel gelişime etkisi incelenmiş ve kentin ne yönde geliştiği ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Dördüncü Bölümde, yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda İstanbul kentsel nüfusu ve konut alanlarıyla ilgili istatistiki veriler karşılaştırılarak son bölümde değerlendirilmiş ve İstanbul kentsel sisteminin dinamik yapısı ve konut alanlarının yerseçimi davranışları ana hatlarıyla tanımlanarak geleceğe yönelik sorunlar belirlenmeye çalışılmış ve öneriler özetlenmiştir.
Özet (Çeviri)
A SEARCH FOR DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF ISTANBUL SUMMARY In the tweenteeth century, one of the important problems is known big metropolis emerging. When the cities reach obvious development level, urban activities demonstrate from centre to environmental area spreading. This spreading motion bring complexity and expanding together. Search for urban remedies to the uncontrolled growth problems of Istanbul has became even more crucial with the recent policies to develop Istanbul into a world metropolis. One of the critical aspects of uncontrolled growth is that it's impact and spillover effects on the metropoliten land cannot be conjectured. Residential areas which constitute XA urban structure interested location decisions influence the urban development, at the same time they are influenced components that is effective urban system formation. This project purpose investigates the dynamic structure of residential location in Istanbul. After the determine that urban development system of Istanbul and it's reflection to residence with basic lines, distribution the urban populations and densities in the Istanbul Metropolitan Area, new residential areas which is occured related to urban growth model of Istanbul in 1990' s search. Residential location model of Istanbul that owns a growth population rapidly can defined. The first part of the project consists of a survey of existing literature on recent dynamic models with regard to residential location. The most important first steps are the models of Alonso, 1964 and Muth, 1969, which are an extension of the work of von Thunen, 1826, to the urban context. In the second part, the geographic structure of Istanbul and its historic spatial development is summarized. The development process of Istanbul are analysed using population data collected in 10 year intervals from 1960 to 1990. The spatial distribution of the population to the European and Anatolian parts of Istanbul is also analysed showing the cyclical changes in the increase of population rates on different sides of the Bosphorus. The first settlements in the environs of Istanbul were established in The Historical Peninsula in the seventh BC by Megara Nation. XIThe city which become a Greek colonization as an outcome of economical, political, and military factors arose as a“World City”after it is declared as the capital of the Empire in 324 AD, Emperor Constantine divided the city into 14 regions like in Rome, and the city had a civic organization. By the time of Fatih, a great deal of effort was put into reconstruction and resettlement affairs. The population was around 80.000. towards the end of the Fatih period, the population was 120.000 according to the documents. In the seventeenth century population in the city reached 700-800.000. throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it increased continually and some measures were taken to prevent this process. At the beginning of the twenteenth century the population of Istanbul was as high as 1.600.000 with suburbs and increased at a very high rate until today and approached 8 million.. The factors which had affected the development of the city were economic, politic and military ones with topographic advantages, and strategic location.. Division and organisation of the city indicates its importance within the historical process.. From time to time the population decreased or increased. So high that it was triet to percent by measures on migration movement.. The city was used to be an important commercial and consumption centre.. It was the capital city of Byzantium and Ottoman Empire.. At the times when many European cities were within city walls Istanbul was both within and beyond the walls.. It became the most crowded city among the European and Mediterranien cities, with its monumental buildings and population. In 1950s, in Turkey the transformation from an agricultural society to a new social structure in which the industrial activities gained importance has begun. The capital which is accumulated in agriculture was transferred to the industralization and all this process caused urbanization and population movements. Urban population increased by both natural population increase rate and migration. The migration had important effects on the population size and characters of settlements. Marmara Region is the most developed region in the country with respect to socio- economical indicators and faced with the most rapid migration movement. East Marmara sub-region and especially Istanbul Metropolitan Area is the most attractive centre in the region. Istanbul is faced with the greatest migration movement in the country and region. The proportion of the Istanbul population to Turkey total population increased from 5.6 percent in 1950 to 12.9 percent in 1990. XllIn 1950, urban settlement spread over to 30 km. distance from the centre. In this period, Istanbul has shown a development to the East Side and the West Side of Bosphorus and towards the north direction. In 1960, urban population of Istanbul reached to 1.581.697. population increased 58. 17 percent according to 1950. In this period, new population settled in rural areas around Istanbul and it brought a rapid spread of the city over the envirous. New municipalities were established in those areas. These were Kağıthane, Alibeyköy, Bayrampaşa, Ümraniye, Kartal and Pendik. Urban settlements were seen between Bakırköy, Küçükçekmece, in the West and Kartal, Tuzla in the East. Topographical characteristics of the city which is devided into 3 parts by Bosphorus and Golden Horn has been always very important in population distribution and planning decisions. During this period the share of Beyoğlu part decreased while that of Anatolian part is increasing and Istanbul part showing no difference. The share of old centre(Beyoğlu, Fatih and Eminönü) is decreasing from 35% to 11%. This indicates immigrants usually settle down in periphery. In planning process, one of the important problems is to provide the balance of population between European and Anatolian part of the city. In order to diminish the traffic passing over Bosphorus. Population density in Istanbul increased nearly 4 times within 30 years. Density of Bakırköy increased from 373 per/km.2 to 6573 per/km.2, its share in total population increased from 5% to 25%. While the density of Eminönü district in CBD was decreasing, density of Beyoğlu remained steady. Planning decisions on conservation could keep the density in Bosphorus just under the level of city average. However it couldn't be succeeded density arose from 136 per/km.2 to 381 per/km.2 in Beykoz and Sarıyer where it increased from 335 per/km.2 to 1 177 per/km.2. Distribution of population by districts between 1960-1990 shows that the highest increase has been in Bakırköy at the West Side and İn Kartal at the East Side. In 1960-1970, population of Bakırköy an annual rate of 23.3% increased 3 times, the rate the West Side which was 6.5%. population of Kartal increased 14.7% annually which was 2 times the rate of the East Side which was 6.6%. After 1960 was a period at which interregional migration rate accelerated and big cities became bigger. This period brought an additional 1.2 million people to whole of the city. The highest increase can be observed in Bakırköy district. Also, adjacent municipalities were established. Population of Eminönü district remained stable while it was decreasing before 1960 because of being CBD. Beyoğlu has an increase only by 0.4%. Fatih, XUlGaziosmanpaşa and Sarıyer by nearly 4% increase, remanied unter the level of province. Şişli district has an increase with annual 10%. Afterwars, Kağıthane was seperated from this district. It is observed that the districts with high increase rate caused the establishment of nw districts in later periods. In 1970-1980, Bakırköy in the West, with 15.85 increase rate and Kartal in the East with 14.5% increase rate became the districts with a highest increase rate of population. Population increase rate of Istanbul decreased from 6% to 5.7%. Rate of increase in 1980-1990 decreased to 5.4%. 58% of population was living in central municipality area and 42% in peripheral municipaly areas. Nearly half of the population was living within the boundries of peripheral municipalities. Residential areas slide within the boundries of peripheral municipalities after 1950 especially. Boundries of Greater Municipality of Istanbul were expanded in 1980s. Thus, residential areas which are developing in the periphery, were taken inside the boundries of municipality. However, residential areas were contiuning to develop outside the bonudries. The trend of promontory from centre to periphery indicated sudden increase between 1960-1970 in the European Side. In 1970-1980, this rate increase Anatolian Side more than European Side. From 1950 to 1990 while the share of European Side was decreasing continuously, the share of Anatolian Side was decreasing. In the forth part, administrative district distribution of residential areas of Istanbul is analysed using data that collected from the construction permits and construction using permits. Relation between new residential areas and urban development model of Istanbul is searched. The results of both distribution of residential areas and distibution of population of Istanbul are compared and integrated in the last part where the general outline of the dynamics of the urban system in Istanbul and expectations for it's future development are summarized. There are two types data are used that prepared by D.I.E. in this project:. Residences that have built according to construction permits,. Residences that built according to construction using permits. According to construction using permits, 2663 residences built in Istanbul in 1990. 1687 of these are located in the West Side. The share of Zeytinburau, Eyüp, Bakırköy, Kadıköy and Üsküdar are more high than the others. The new developments were around the TEM. Because of the location of industry and service activities in there, residential areas have become location around that way. In 1991, 2499 residences built in Istanbul. 1688 of these are located in the East Side. The share of Bakırköy, Küçükçekmece, Zeytinburnu, Kadıköy and Kartal are higher. The east and the west that is development are the same distance from the centre. XIV2169 residences built in Istanbul in 1992. 1255 of these are located in the East Side. Especially, administrative districts that are located near the west boundries(Bakırköy, Küçükçekmece) and at the edge of Marmara Sea(Kadıköy, Kartal) can be observed high rates. In Istanbul, 1939 residences built in 1993 according to construction using permits. The share of the East Side more than the West Side. Because of unearned income wish, the apartments construction increased rapidly. In 1994, 1629 residences built in Istanbul. The share of Bakırköy and Küçükçekmece are more than the others. 1625 residences built in Istanbul in 1995. 1007 of these are located in the West Side. The share of Bakırköy, Küçükçekmece, Kadıköy and Kartal are more high. The trend of construction residences of the administrative districts that are located in the north side of Istanbul are increased. In 1996, 2409 residences built in Istanbul, 937 of these are located in the West Side. The share of Bakırköy, Üsküdar, Kadıköy and Kartal are higher. According to construction permits, 6762 residences have built in Istanbul in 1990. In this period, 4058 residences in European Side and 2054 recidences in Anatolian Side were building. Residence construction of Bakırköy, Eyüp, Gaziosmanpaşa and Kadıköy are more than other districts. More buildings have constructed in Gaziosmanpaşa and Zeytinburnu according to the share of population. In 1991, 7462 residences have built in Istanbul according to construction permits. 4985 residences are located in the West Side and 2477 residences in the East Side. The share of residence construction of Bakırköy, Zeytinburnu, Gaziosmanpaşa, Küçükçekmece, Kadıköy and Üsküdar are more than the others. The construction amount of municipality that is located Historical Peninsula and at the edge of Bosphorus are very few in this period. 6660 residences have built in Istanbul in 1992. The share of residence construction of Bakırköy, Gaziosmanpaşa, Zeytinburnu and Kadıköy are more high. The highest increase can be observed in Zeytinburnu. Also, an important increase can be observed in Fatih. In 1993, the number of residence that have been built in Istanbul are 8408. 5667 of these residences are located in the West Side. In the West Side the share of Bakırköy and Gaziosmanpaşa and in the East Side the share of Kadıköy, Kartal and Pendik are more high. In this period, city was developing towards the edge of Marmara Sea that has more appropriate for settlement. At a result of, new investment decision in the East Side, the development of industry around the Pendik and Tuzla, are rapid development in this region. In 1994, the number of residences which have been built in Istanbul are 8868. 6346 of these are located in the East Side. The share of Bakırköy, Gaziosmanpaşa, XVKadıköy and Kartal are more high. While the city were developing towards east- west line, were developing towards the north direction. The number of residences that have been built in Istanbul in 1995 are 8906. The share of Bakırköy is more than the others because of seperated from new administrative districts. In 1996, 7998 residences have been built in Istanbul, 5557 of these residence are located in the West Side. The share of residence construction of Bakırköy, Gaziosmanpaş a, Kadıköy and Kartal are higher than the others, the highest increase can be observed in Gaziosmanpaşa. Construction permits are helper determine the development way of Istanbul in future. In 1990-1996, Bakırköy, Zeytinburnu, Gaziosmanpaşa and Sarıyer that are located in the West Side and Kadıköy, Kartal and Üsküdar that are located in teh East Side are shown more development than the others. Rapid population increase that is probable in Sarıyer does not adopt the development ways of Istanbul. The administrative districts like Beyoğlu, Eminönü and Fatih that are located in Historical Peninsula and old centre are determined very few residences construction. In 1990-1996, according to construction using permits, Bakırköy, Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu that are located near the west borders, Gaziosmanpaşa and Eyüp that are located the north, Kadıköy, Kartal and Üsküdar that are located the East and at the edge of Marmara Sea, built the residences above the average of Istanbul. In the West Side, city has shown development both 1. and 2. main roads and towards the north. In the East Side, development is seen at the edge of Marmara Sea but this development isn't reach the east borders of the city. Residential areas collapse between Marmara Sea and TEM more. Results of this project are categorized below:. Distribution of residential areas on the space appertain at close quarters various transportation types. Investments that are done towards east and west boundaries of city are big effect in the urban system.. Working areas are followed by residential areas. Planned or unplanned areas occure near the working areas. This formation affect urban system.. Importance of European Side decrease annually in the distribution of urban population.. In the resource of Istanbul and Beyoğlu population according to years although population of Istanbul part are stable, population of Beyoğlu part are decrease.. Development of Bakırköy, Gaziosmanpaşa, Küçükçekmece, Zeytinburnu, Kadıköy, Kartal and Üsküdar are more than the others. These are very important in the development of the urban system. XVI
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