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Sayısal arazi modeli ve batimetrik verilerin kıyı bilgi sistemine entegrasyonu

Başlık çevirisi mevcut değil.

  1. Tez No: 75551
  2. Yazar: CİHANGİR AYDÖNER
  3. Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. DERYA MAKTAV
  4. Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
  5. Konular: Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri, Geodesy and Photogrammetry
  6. Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
  7. Yıl: 1998
  8. Dil: Türkçe
  9. Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
  10. Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
  11. Ana Bilim Dalı: Uzaktan Algılama Ana Bilim Dalı
  12. Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
  13. Sayfa Sayısı: 64

Özet

ÖZET Dünyada çeşitli amaçlarla kullanım açısından en fazla tercih edilen alanlar kıyı alanlarıdır. Özellikle tarım, endüstri, ulaşım, turizm ve şehircilik açısından kıyı alanlar tartışılmaz en çok ilgi çeken alanlardır. Dünyadaki ülkelerin %90'ı kıyı ülkeleridir. Dünya nüfusunun %40'ı kıyı alanlarında yaşamaktadır. Bu nedenle kıyı alanları büyük öneme sahip olup, bu alanların kullanımı planlı olmalı ve gelecek nesillere en sağlıklı bir biçimde aktarılması için tüm önlemler alınmalıdır. Türkiye, Marmara Denizi, Akdeniz, Ege Denizi, Karadeniz kıyıları ve çok sayıda göl ve akarsu kıyı alanları ile tam bir kıyı ülkesi durumundadır. Türkiye nüfusunun yaklaşık %70'i kıyı alanlarında yaşamaktadır. Bu alanlarda, yerleşim, deniz trafiği, turizm, tarım, ormancılık, endüstri, ulaşım ve diğer ekonomik aktiviteler her yıl hızlı bir biçimde artmaktadır. Bu kıyıların kullanımı, yönetimi, korunması ve iyileştirilmesi için kıyı yönetim planlan hazırlanmalıdır. Bu planların hazırlanmasıda bilgisayar destekli kıyı bilgi sistemlerinin hazırlanmasını gerektirir. Ülkemizde bu anlamda bir kıyı bilgi sistemi mevcut değildir. Ancak 1996 yılında başlayıp 1997 sonunda tamamlanması planlanan ve İTÜ, ES A, HÜ, YTÜ ve Rus Bilimler Akademisinin katıldığı“Uluslararası Akdeniz Projesi”çerçevesinde ülkemizde bir pilot kıyı bilgi sistemi hazırlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada yerel veriler ve uydu verilerinin bir kıyı bilgi sistemine entegrasyonu yapılmaktadır. Çalışma İTÜ tarafından yürütülmekte olan bir ES A projesi olup pilot bölge olarak Köyceğiz Dalyan koruma alanı seçilmiştir. Bu tez çalışmasında, kıyı bilgi sisteminin oluşturulmasında ana katmanlardan kıyı bölgesinin sayısal arazi modeli ile kıyı bölgesinde bulunan Köyceğiz gölünün batimetrik haritasının hazırlanması planlanmıştır. Hazırlanan sayısal yükselti modeli, uydu verisi ile birarada değerlendirilip bölgeye ait farklı görüntüler elde edilmiş ayrıca bölge için önem teşkil eden Köyceğiz gölünün batimetrik haritası bilgi sistemine bir veri katmanı olacak şekilde hazırlanmıştır.

Özet (Çeviri)

INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL AND BATHYMETRIC DATA IN COASTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Coasts are regions which are widely exploited on the earth for various purposes, especially for agriculture, industry, transportation, tourism and urbanisation. Because 90 % of the countries have coasts and 40 % of the world population live in coastal regions, coasts are of great importance to nations and all precautions should be taken for preservation and management of coastal zones. Turkey, being a country surrounded by coasts at the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean, and also having a number of lakes and rivers, faces each year a number of problems in urbanisation, marine traffic, tourism, agriculture, forestry, industry, transportation and other economical activities, at increasing rates. A solution to these problems require planning for management and optimum utilisation of coasts Preparation of such plans is only possible through design of computer aided coastal management systems. Until now, there does not exist a coastal information system in our country to serve this purpose. A pilot coastal information system is prepared in our country within the framework of an International Mediterranean Project with participation from Istanbul Tech. Univ., ESA, Yıldız Tech. Univ., and Russian Academy of Sciences. This project was started in 1996 and is planned to be completed in the mid of 1998. Köyceğiz Dalyan Specially Protected Area is studied and the geographical data collected from the area in a coastal information system is integrated. Major information layers in this coastal information system care the digital terrain model and bathymetrical map of the Köyceğiz Lake. Analyses of DTM with the satellite imagery of the study area helped create various scenes of the area which were essential in study of the area. Digital terrain models (DTM) have been used in applications of earth sciences since 1950's and have become a major component of geographical data processing since then. Terrain modelling and image analysis related to earth surface and topography require elevation as a third dimension, which is only available through DTM' s. Remote sensing and GIS are complementary technologies which are jointly used for optimum physical modelling of earth surface and sensor calibrations of land cover classification. Although most environmental measurements are still made throughinterpretation of aerial photography, it is obvious that ther will be an increase in use of satellite imagery for regional analysis in the feature. Recent advances in sensor technology show that the sensor platforms will have a structure to reflect all spectral characteristics of earth objects in the near feature, and this information will be used in formation of necessary information layers in a GIS. A typical application is manipulation of topographic and bathymetric data using digital elevation models in mapping, assessment and monitoring of endangered coastal zones. Therefore, calculation of coastal-line and volume changes are useful in estimation of this highly dynamic process. Recently, many software packages for image processing and GIS applications operating in PC environment have emerged in the market. Some of these are capable to derive terrain elevations from a variety of data sources such as topographical maps, stereo images etc. In this study, ARC/TNFO Unix Version 7.0.4 software package, PCI and System 600 (International Imaging Systems) image processing software packages were used to create the studied information layers. The Köyceğiz Lagoon near the southern coast of Turkey was studied in this bathymetric mapping application. Input data was supplied through a GPS and a FMV- 603 video sounder which both determine the distance between the transducer and the underwater object and display the results on the screen. In fact, this methodology is similar to creation of DTM. Digital Terrain Modelling involves the following tasks, 1. DTM generation. 2. DTM manipulation and refinement. 3. DTM interpretation. 4. DTM visualization. 5. DTM application. Different data sources used for DTM generation in a GIS application are the following. a- Field survey. b- Remote sensing and photogrammetric methods. c- Digitizing topographical maps. Sometimes, radar and sonar are used for DTM generation as well. IXIn order to construct a comprehensive DTM it is necessary to establish the topological relationship between the data elements. Moreover, an interpolation model estimating the surface behaviour must be constructed. Today, commonly used data structures for DTM are rectangular grids (or elevation matrix) and TIN ( Triangulated Irregular Network). A grid is in the form of a matrix, where each point defines a topology. However, in regular grids these points are not dense enough to reflect the complexity of a relief. Because of this, an excessive number of points is needed to represent the terrain. On the other hand, TIN data structures are based on triangular elements. Structural features can be easily incorporated into these data structures. Also compared to grids, fewer points are sufficient to construct the DTM's within a certain accuracy. Because the topological relations have to be computed and recorded explicitly, a TIN model is more complex and difficult to handle than a grid model. Along with DTM generation procedures, it is important to modify and refine existing models. Modification and refinement processes involve DTM editing, DTM filtering, DTM merging and data conversion between different data structures. For DTM editing, updating and error correction, DTM filtering, smoothing or enhancement of DTM's and data reduction are involved. Sometimes, there may be several DTM's to construct the whole model. In that case, it is essential to combine either adjacent models or merging overlapping models. If DTM's represent large areas in raster format, especially raster to vector data conversion is useful for data reduction. Within a GIS, digital terrain models are the most valuable coverages for extraction of terrain features. These features are extracted in two ways: (1) by visual analysis, (2) by quantitative analysis of digital terrain data. These analyses are made through interpretation of DTM. The results of DTM interpretation can be input for soil erosion, hydrological analysis and many other applications. DTM interpretation includes the following analyses: 1- Geomorphological analysis. 2- DTM quality assessment analysis. 3- Planning and engineering applications. Geomorphometrical analysis can be categorized as general geomorphometry and specific geomorphometry. The extraction of slope and aspect (compass direction) values from DTM's are considered in general geomorphometry. Both slope and aspect models are not only displayed visually, also these models are used as numerical inputs to GIS, in applications such as soil erosion modelling. Surface specific points, linear% features and areal features can be extracted from a DTM model. These procedures are related to specific geomorphometry. Surface specific features may be identified by comparison of elevation differences in a local neighbourhood. DTM quality assessment include error detection, correction and quality control. Errors are usually detected by visual inspection. Also, some display techniques such as perspective and hillshading are useful for detection and editing of errors. Quality control of a DTM may be performed either by comparison of DTM with control points or by another DTM which was constructed before. Interpretation of a DTM for planning and engineering applications require more specialized functions to perform such as visibility analysis, profile analysis and volumetric analysis. DTM visualization plays important role in the communication between users and DTM. Perspective and an orthographic display techniques are commonly used to visualize DTM. Contours and hillshading are best known orthographic display techniques. Thanks to recent technological advances, it now becomes feasible to create specific applications based on terrain modeling. Finally, in the early 1990' s digital terrain modelling has reached a stage that some of its requirements have been satisfied. Information about bottom topography of a lagoon or sea is essential for activities such as shipping, fishing, pipeline laying, harbour construction, detection of coastal erosion etc. Because of this, bathymetric maps form an important data coverage in the construction of a Coastal Information System. Preparation of a bathymetrical map is similar to that of a DTM, only that data sources are different. Procedures available for DTM construction may well be applied in construction of a bathymetrical map as well. Data for the bathymetrical map was collected by the project group. In this study, Arc/INFO GIS software was used to generate DTM and bathymetrical map. The table given below shows the major command, function and their tasks those were used in this study. XITable 1. Commands used in this study and their functions. xu

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