Mostar, Brankovac Mahallesi'nde sıhhileştirme çalışması
The Rehabilitation of Brankovac Mahalla in Mostar
- Tez No: 83105
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. NUR AKIN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1999
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 181
Özet
ÖZET Mostar, Bosna-Hersek'in güneybatısında Neretva Nehri'nin karşılıklı iki kıyısına yerleşmiş küçük bir kenttir. 15. yüzyılda Osmanlılar tararından kurulan kent, 400 yıl boyunca Hersek SancağYnın merkezi olmuş, 19. yüzyılda Avusturya-Macaristan egemenliğine girmiştir. Kent, yüzyıllar boyunca Bosna Müslümanları, Sırplar ve Hırvatlardan oluşan üç ayrı etnik grubu barındırmıştır. Mostar, 1992-95 yıllan arasında süren Yugoslavya iç savaşmda çok fazla hasar görmüş, ekonomik, fiziksel ve sosyal yönden çöküntüye uğramış ve sahip olduğu kültürel mimari mirası kaybetme tehlikesi ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu değerli mirasın yaşatılması ve gelecek nesillere aktarılması bugün en önemli hedeflerden biridir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışma bölgesi olarak seçilen Brankovac Mahallesi,“Stari Grad”adıyla anılan eski kent merkezinin kuzeydoğusunda yer alır. Kent merkezine en yakın konut bölgelerinden biri olmasıyla birlikte, çok sayıda dini, idari, kültürel yapıyı barındırması ve kent genelinde gözlenen sorunları yansıtan örnek bir bölge sayılması, seçimde etkili olmuştur. Bölgeyi ikiye bölen Marsala Tita Caddesi'nin doğusunda organik sokakları ve avlu duvarları ile Osmanlı kent dokusu, batısında ise daha büyük ölçekli, kagir yapılan ve oıtogonal sokak sistemi ile Avusturya-Macaristan dönemi etkileri hissedilmektedir. Temmuz 1997'de gerçekleştirilen alan çalışmasında bölgede 267 bina üzerinde fiziksel tespitler yapılarak, sorunlar saptanmış, aynca çevre sakinleriyle görüşülerek sosyal durum ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Bölge savaş sonrası fiziksel ve demografik yapıda hızlı bir değişim sürecine girmiş, geleneksel yapılara yapılan yeni eklerle tarihi doku zarar görmeye başlamıştır. Aynca yapılann büyük bir kısmının kullanılamaz durumda olması, değerlendirilemeyen açık alanlar, yasal olmayan inşaatlar, büyük yapılann hasarlı olmalarından dolayı kullanılamaması ve kent halkının yaşadığı mülkiyet karmaşası bu çalışma sonucunda ortaya çıkan başlıca sorunlardır. İçerdiği tipik özelliklerin yoğunluğu nedeniyle, bölgenin güneyinde yer alan Bajatova Sokağı ve çevresi“Özel Planlama Alanı”olarak seçilmiş ve bu kısımda daha aynntıh bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. Gerek fiziksel, gerek kullanıcıya yönelik tespitler doğrultusunda, bölgenin sıhhileştirilmesiyle ilgili öneriler geüştirilmiştir.“Özel Planlama Bölgesi”ndeki her yapı için müdahale biçimleri belirlenmiş, korumanın istenilen sonuca ulaşabilmesi için finansal açıdan çeşitli çözüm tipleri oluşturulmuştur. Mostar' daki mevcut yasal ve örgütsel yapı incelenerek düzenlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Önerilerin belirlenmesinde alanın hem işlevsel, hem de ekonomik açıdan yeniden canlı bir bölge haline gelmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma,“Mostar”' özelinden yola çıkarak, savaş sonrası hasar görmüş tarihi bir kentte, merkeze yalan bir bölgenin yeniden yapılanmasına ve canlandırılmasına ilişkin bir örnek oluşturma niteliği taşımaktadır. xıı
Özet (Çeviri)
THE REHABILITATION OF BRANKOVAC MAHALLA IN MOSTAR SUMMARY The aim of this project is to examine the economic, physical and social conditions of the post-war situation of a historic town:“Mostar”. For this purpose, a very typical mahalla:“Brankovac Mahalla”has been chosen in order to discover the existing problems and to develop a rehabilitation and revitalization proposals which can be applied for its preservation. Mostar is a small town located in southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the both banks of Neretva River. The town was founded in the 1 5th century and developed during the succeeding four centuries of the Ottoman rule. Along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the city was taken over by Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1878 and, in 1918, Mostar was included in the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the former Yugoslavia. The town has been seriously destroyed in the civil war between the three ethnic groups; the Bosnian Muslims, Serbs and Croats who lived together in the town for centuries which lasted from 1992 until 1995. Mostar, besides being a cultural, administrative and touristic center, has a special importance in Bosnia and Herzegovina with its location, commercial and natural resources. The town includes the most significant architectural monuments of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian period in Herzegovina region. Mostar has been developed around the Old Bridge“Stari Most”which was built in 1566 by Architect Hayruddin. The bridge, the most famous landmark of Mostar and Bosnia and Herzegovina was destroyed in November 1993 by Croatian forces. Also 90% of the housing stock in the town, which has been divided into two parts after the war has been destroyed. Because of its importance for the country the town has been a focal point of the reconstruction works in Bosnia and Herzegovina which have began immediately and are growing day by day.“The preservation of the cultural and architectural heritage”has been the most important objective of the ongoing activities. The idea of preservation in Mostar was developed at the beginning of the 50's gained more impulse with the establishment of“Stari Grad Institute”in 1977. The deterioration of the built fabric, commercial stagnation of the town center and of the complaints of the inhabitants on bureaucracy have played the most significant role in the foundation of this institute. The aim of the institute is to prepare projects to protect the cultural, architectural and natural heritage, to organize the economic basis for their realization and to control the ongoing works. The master plan for the Old Town in Mostar has been prepared in 1990 according to the researches executed by the institute. The preservation processes of Stari Grad Institute have continued until 1991 when the war started. xniThe“firankovac Mahalla”of Mostar is located in the east bank of Neretva River, in the north of Old Town“Stari Grad”. The area is approximately 100 m. away to the Old Bridge“Stari Most”. It is one of the most important housing areas close to the Old Town and also includes many administrative, cultural and religious, significant buildings. The district shows the architectural characteristics of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian periods. The mahalla is chosen as 'case study' for the town which displays genius loci of Mostar with its variety in demographic structure and in the traditional urban fabric. To come up with a feasible proposal, all accessible buildings of this mahalla were surveyed in July 1997 and photographed. Interviews were made with inhabitants. One selected street in the area is examined by means of plans and cross-sections. Researches were done on typology of buildings. The oldest map of the area dates from 1881. It was provided from Vienna's War Archive and studied in order to reveal the changes in the urban fabric and in the situation of the monumental buildings. In the surveyed area, covering approximately 25.000m2, 267 buildings are documented. Marsala Tita Street divides the mahalla into two parts. The eastern part of the mahalla displays the traditional Ottoman characteristics with its organic street network and houses with courtyards surrounded by high walls. The western part is influenced more from the Austro-Hungarian period and has larger buildings in an orthogonal street scheme. Many significant buildings were built in the chosen area during the Ottoman period and Austro-Hungarian period. Nasuh Aga Mosque (16th century), Koski Mehmet Pasa Mosque (1617), Clock Tower (1664), Biscevica House (18th century) are the important examples of the heritage built until the end of the 19th century. The Officer's Building (1885), County Government Building (1894), Municipality Building (1898), Konak Apartment (20th century), Metropolitan Palace (1903), Serbs Primary School (1909), Land Bank (1910) are the buildings located in the mahalla as representatives of the Austro Hungarian period. The Public Theater, located in the corner of Marsala Tita and Brace Brikica Street was built in 1946. The area includes some of the most important open spaces for the town: (e.g. Bazaar, 1* May Square ). The bazaar located near the river is one of the most crowded places. 1st May Square, which is surrounded with numerous social, cultural and recreational facilities is located in the west site of the area. This part of the town has originated the settlement in this area. The cemetery on Bajatova Street and the gardens of the Metropolitan Palace are the green areas of the mahalla. The surveys were done on the 267 selected buildings. The residential function is mostly densed on the eastern part of the area with a percentage of 5 1 %. Commercial buildings are located moreover in the western site, next to the bazaar of the“Old Town”. There are 98 buildings with traditional value. Stone masonry is the most common construction system with a percentage of 59 % and the percentage of concrete frame buildings is %39. 58 % of the buildings are two storey high and %23 xivof them have only one floor. 25 % of the recorded buildings do not have sufficient living conditions. Some sociological analyses were done in this mahalla in order to observe the social structure and the inhabitant demands. According to this research the population is 919 in this residential area. 49 % of them are tenants and the rest is owner of the inhabited houses. The number of working people clarifies the economical problems of the mahalla. Only 45 % of the inhabitants are employed and according to the records done in 1 18 houses, it is revealed that people are unemployed in 28 houses. Sociological surveys demonstrated that the demand of the inhabitants, are as follows. Inhabitants are not satisfied with their living conditions. Tenants want to move to their own houses. They are usually very satisfied with the street conditions and the location of the house. According to the physical analyses done in the mahalla, 29 % of the housing stock in the area is destroyed leaving them impossible to use. This percentage mentioned above is composed by totally destroyed buildings (17 %), vacant buildings (8 %) and buildings under construction (4 %). Especially the empty plots are being used as dump and it is disturbing the city life. The rapid transformation as a result of interventions by private owners has been a concern which is threatening the historic area. The traditional features of the houses are usually completely lost or destroyed during the rebuilding process. The use of new materials, disruptive additions appear as a result of the economic crisis of the post-war situation and the immediate need for housing. The lack of control mechanism and planning organization speeded up this transformation. A serious ownership problem is exists: the houses -owned by Serbs and Croats who have left the area- which are now used by Bosnians. The change in demographic structure is one of the main problems of the area. Immigrants from the villages around Mostar occupy the vacant houses or auxiliary structures of the destroyed buildings, and are living in very bad conditions. The problems of the historical area are immense. The construction activities are observed everywhere in the mahallas. Much of these constructions are illegal and improvised to provide shelters. Infrastructure has had its share of the destruction. The traffic and unused public spaces are the other important problems of the historical area. Bajatova Street and its surroundings are defined as“Special Planning Area”with 104 buildings. The street is located in the south part of the mahalla, beginning from the highway and ending at the bazaar area next to the Neretva River. It is a very important pedestrian axis which includes the buildings like Vucjakovic Mosque, Clock Tower and Municipality Guest House. According to the analyses mentioned above, proposals are created to rehabilitate the area. The 1990 master plan is accepted as the base for all interventions. The completearea is evaluated in two parts.“Zone 1”located in the western part of the site displays more traditional characteristics and includes monumental buildings. This zone is divided into 6 sub-zones according to the landmarks.“Zone 2”is the eastern part and has the organic urban fabric with newer housing development. The most important issue in Zone 2 is to protect the urban fabric with its organic street scheme and courtyard walls. The guidelines for all kinds of interventions to the traditional buildings, new constructions, buildings and building elements are prepared. The physical intervention methods are determined as follows. ? monumental building restoration; for the monuments by keeping all their original features; ? maintenance, for rehabilitation of the buildings with traditional value by keeping the original form of the facade; preservation; for the buildings which do not need any physical intervention; ? rehabilitation; for the buildings which do not have sufficient living standards; ? design in context, for the vacant plots which should be evaluated as constructing a new building; ? demolition and design in context, for the totally destroyed building areas. The proposed economic model includes the following methods: ? donations for monumental buildings, ? direct grants to the building owner from government; ? tax relief, for commercial buildings; ? credits on easy terms; ? cross-subsidy; ? direct action by the local authority. The intervention type and the economic intervention are fixed for each building of the area. Beside this, the present legal structure is examined and a new arrangement is proposed for its organization. According to the determined intervention types, aims and economic model, proposals are defined for the area at the building and public space levels. The bazaar next to the Koski Mehmet Pasa Medrese is modelled with new stands. On vacant plot between Mala Tepa Street and the Marsala Tita Street an“arasta”with two rows of shops facing each other is designed. The axis which is composed by this“arasta”will be a lively street with cafes and shops, connecting the Brace Fejica Street to the Marsala Tita Street and to the Old Town. There are small passages from Marsala Tita Street and Mala Tepa Street, so that people can reach the street very easily. The cafes across these passages will attract people. The evaluation of the plots which are very close to the Old Town has been an important issue of the project. New buildings are proposed for the vacant plots on the Marsala Tita Street and for the plots of destroyed buildings on the Konak Street. xviThe Konak Apartment will serve as a hotel and the adjacent buildings will have some additional functions. Some new functions are proposed for the buildings on Bajatova Street. The destroyed building next to the Clock Tower is designed as an exhibition hall. Both buildings on the north site are planned to be restaurants with the extensions to the courtyards. Restoration of the monumental buildings like the Metropolitan Palace, Vucjakovic Mosque and Koski Mehmet Paşa Mosque are the other subjects of the rehabilitation project. The lost parts, the minarets of the mosques will be completed. The palace will be restored as a residential building and part of it will be used as a museum. It is intended to develop a self-financing project in which inhabitants are participating directly. But in any case the government will have the most important role to realize the rehabilitation of the area. It is not easy to build a cooperation between the government and the inhabitants in the economic field because of the lacking economic means of the inhabitants. Therefore, the basic aim of this project has been to evaluate the district as a developing and lively area, which will share the density of the Old Town and, develop on the self- financing economic basis. This work should set an example for the rehabilitation and revitalization of an historic area in post-war city based on the preservation principles, and the demands of the inhabitants, which includes residential, administrative, cultural and commercial functions. xvu
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