Mimaride, belirleme, belirme ve girişler
Determination, appearance and entrances in architecture
- Tez No: 95883
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. NERİME CİMCOZ
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2000
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 146
Özet
M ÖZET Hazırladığım bu tezde, öncelikle giriş mekanının detaylı tanımı yapılarak, bu mekanın oluşturulmasmda etkili olan faktörler incelenerek, bu faktörlerin yarattığı etkiler altında giriş mekan organizasyonundaki yeri ve önemi incelenmiştir. 1. Bölümde, bu hazırlamış olduğum tez konusunun önemi belirtilerek, tezimin çerçevesi ve kurgusunu oluşturduğum metodum ortaya konmuştur. Ortaya koyduğum bu kurgu doğrultusunda da tezimde ele aldığım bölümler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. 2.Bölümde, giriş mekanının tanımı yapılmıştır. Bu bölümde ayrıca çeşitli mekan türleri ve tanımları, giriş eylemi, girişin ölçeği ve önemlilik derecesi, tezin ana konusuna giriş olarak ortaya konmuştur. 3. Bölümde, giriş mekanının oluşturulmasmda etkili olan aktörler ele alınmıştır. Bu faktörler, sosyo-kültürel faktörler, psikolojik faktörler ve de fiziksel çevresel faktörler olarak üç ana grup altında toplanarak incelenmiştir. 4.Bölümde, giriş mekanın yapıların içindeki konumu, binanın iç ve dış mekanlarıyla ilişkisi seçilen farklı örneklerle incelenmiştir. Girişe yardımcı olan mimari elemanlar, girişin ölçeği ve biçimsel özellikleri ele alınarak örnekleriyle incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, bina girişleri, binanın üzerindeki fiziksel konumlanması olarak 3 farklı şekilde ve bunların karmaşık durumları bir tablo ile görsel olarak en ifadeci örneklerle gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır.xu Sonuç olarak, özellikle değinmek istediğim konu; giriş mekanlarını birçok farklı faktörlerin etkisi altında ele alındığında ve yapılan oluşturan diğer mekanlarla ilişkilerini incelediğinde, giriş mekanının ne kadar önemli olduğu ve bu mekana gerekli ilginin mutlaka gösterilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktır.
Özet (Çeviri)
ABSTRACT The purpose of this work is to define the entrance as determining the beginning of any route in a building, to display the factors that affect the formation of entrance areas, and to analyse them as transitional elements between inside and outside, by searching out their relations between these two realms, as well as their own characteristics such as scale, form and spatial character. In chapter I, the significance and variation of the research area, from a simple hole in the wall to an elaborate, articulated gateway is emphasised. The entrance usually acts as a separator device between different kinds of spaces. It gives clues about the space being entered. In this chapter, the outline of the research and the method of the thesis is explained. In chapter n, a conceptual definition of the entrance is put forward. Definitions of space according to Kutan, Schulz and Joedicke are explained. Kuban, defines architecture as a special building action. This action is the source of architecture. This special emptiness which is called“space”, separates architecture from other building actions. Space is defined according to the possibilities of movement inside and exists with light.11 Schulz defines the space, as a product of an interaction between the organism and the environment in which it is impossible to dissociate the organisation of the universe perceived from that of the activity itself. According to Jeodicke, space is the sum of consecutively experienced relations between points. Architectural theorists dealing with space usually developed various space concepts. Schulz, distinguishes between five space concepts; the pragmatic space of physical action, the perceptual space of immediate orientation, the existential space which forms man's stable image of his environment, the cognitive space of the physical world and the abstract space of pure logical relations. Joedicke, distinguishes between architectonic, urban and natural spaces. There is not merely a single space, but many different kinds of spaces that are linked to and interpenetrate with each other. Prak defines, basically three kinds of space such as; physical, conceptual, behavioral space and also perceptual space as a subcategory of conceptual space. All spaces, interior and exterior are linked together Sequence is continuity in the perception and understanding of spaces. Continuity depends on the quality of the transitions between the spaces (e.g. between an interior and exterior space such as an entrance or between two spaces like archways, gateways in a street).tu Entering a building, a room within a building or defined field of exterior space involves the act of penetrating a vertical plane that distinguishes one space from another, and separates“here”from“there”. The action of entering can be accepted as the first action which will take place in the building. A wall defining the edges of a space or a group of spaces also separates the inside of a space or a house from the outside. The wall divides the exterior from the interior ant the entrance represents a link between the two realms. The entrance marks the transition from the public exterior to the private interior. It unites as well as it separates. Other definitions of the entrance can be made according to the elements of existential space concepts of Schulz and the image elements of the city concepts of Lynch. Entrances can be researched in four different scales; single building scale, building complex scale, urban scale and country scale. Entrances play an important role in the identification and the orientation feelings of man. The significance rate and the consideration of the entrance design of a building gives information about the design thoughts of the spaces. In chapter 3, the factors which affect the formation of entrance areas are displayed. These factors can be grouped in three basic topics such as; social-cultural factors, psychological factors, physical environmental factors.IV The building occurs as a result of a group of factors. These factors are the data put forward by the relation of man to his environment. These factors are classified in different ways according to the various viewpoints. In this work, factors which appear to affect the formation of the entrance spaces are considered. Among these factors, physical environmental factors can be regarded as factors independent from human being and social-cultural and psychological factors can be regarded as factors occurred as the result of actions of human groups. Schulz claims that cultural integration depends on the existence of common symbol-systems. A common order is called culture. As the main function of culture is to produce patterns, the formal characteristics of the environmental constitutes the essence of the relations of culture with the environment. In the formation of entrance areas; images, values and symbols imposed by the culture. The aesthetic understanding occurred by the influence of culture and the technological level which are developed by the culture are effective as socia-cultural factors. From this point of view, social-cultural factors are considered in two topics; the general structure of social-culture and the shaping role of social-culture. Different styles, architectural manners, have an influence by the whole of the structure of a culture.Every culture has a specific world view. It represents the expectations from life and the way of seeing it. Mediterranean countries have a life style which involves living closer to each other, but there is also a privacy concept. These views affect the location and formation of the entrance area. Northern countries on the other side, have another life style. This involves a more limited neighbourly living settlement. Religion is an important factor for especially primitive and pre-industrial societies. The concepts of sacred and profane determine a separation between realms. The threshold has an important function in this sense. Traditions which are carried through centuries by the culture, have obligatory influences on architecture. For example in older farmhouses in Norway and Sweden one often finds a particular beam in the ceiling that marks the point which visitors must stop and wait to be admitted. This beam may be called as a visual and a conceptual gate. Symbols imply something more than its basic meaning. The symbols of architecture are formed by religion and traditions, and architecture uses forms and materials as symbols. Symbolism is an effective way of explaining things and it is used in entrances very often. The technological level of the society makes things possible and impossible. The aesthetic values also play a determining role. Every building has a particular function. Different places are produced for Afferent actions. As a result function means, the requests determined by the necessities and their organization. Necessities are related to the social system.VI The function of the building plays an important role on the entrance areas. An entrance of a hospital can not be the same with an entrance of a church or a house. Economic factors can either affect the designer positively or negatively in various parts of the design. Related to the building cost, the alternative use of site resources marketing factors, alternative building systems, construction methods and energy conservation are also affective. Another affect on the entrance areas is the plan of that building. The number of the entries mostly depends on the length of the building mass and the design of the stairs. This is also an affective marketing decision on the designing. Especially in public buildings, the number of entries are important because, these points become control points like security and information desks. There has to be some particular rules and standards for the purpose of the usage of entries. Most legal standards are technical standards and they are related to the security and the health protection. For example at a cinema entrance, a big number of entries and exits come out. The laws on the entrance areas differs in every country. In Turkey, the laws bring items to the judgements on the levels, numbers, widths and heights about the doors, but it is interesting that there is no item about the opening direction of doors which is also an important factor in the buildings such as schools, theaters and cinemas. Psychological necessities are the perception of the environment by the individual;vu behaviors, behavior models, motivations and instincts towards the environment. On some entrance designs, perceptual arrangements are affective. Perception is not only visual, senses such as hearing, smelling and touching are also important. The situation of the entrance has a major influence on the spatial experience. A rectangular room can have two completely different characters, depending on whether one enters it from the end or from the side. In one case it is perceived as a longitudinal space, in the other as a transverse space. In architecture figures can be simply recognizable things such as doors or abstract compositions of window groupings on the elevation of a building. For example, if an entry needs visual expression, it can be formed as a figure against the background of a building. In contrast, there are numerous examples on architecture where there is no difference between the entry and the rest of the building. This can be extremely confusing and aggravating. Curiosity, tension, even anxiety or delight at arrival, sorrow at departure are direct impacts of entrance areas and they are not only symbolic. This chain of feelings can extend as steps from inviting, even attractiveness to anonymous, even propulsions. In the Morris gift shop, Frank Lloyd Wright, made good use of the sense of curiosity of man and created an attractive place. A clear visual orientation towards the entrance is one of the factors constituting the atmosphere of the entrance. Physical environmental factors which affect entrance areas can be suggested as:. Location and Environment,. Climate,vuı. Geographical Situation,. Resources. A special environmental character such as a historical or a special natural environment will be affective in the information. As climatic conditions become more severe, forms will be more constant and limited and less alternatives which can be called as“pure climatical runctionalism”will be possible. In an igloo solution which is an extreme climatic condition, the entrance tunnel is arranged totally in relation to climate wind and cold weather. Different climates had various impacts on different civilizations throughout architectural history, but still the culture to be found in, has decided among the alternatives. Geographical situation and resources are also natural data that have important role in the formation of the artificial environment. In chapter 4, the location of the entrance, its relations with the interior and exterior spaces of the building are analyzed by various chosen examples. Also, architectural elements supporting the formation of entrances, the scale and formal qualities of entrance areas are researched. The relation of the entrance area with the exterior in some examples, can be seen as an extension of the urban space, such as the Italian squares and entrances of buildings facing the square. A propylaeum which means, an important entrance gateway or vestibule, in front of a sacred enclosure as at Athens and Priene forms a transitional element betweenIX outside and inside. It links the exterior to the interior as a semi-closed space. The porticos in front of religious or public buildings act in the same way, as they create a space open on three sides. An entrance, as a hole on the wall plane, creates a more definite separation between the two realms, thus the entrance can not be considered as an extension of the urban space. The location of the entrance, related to the whole of the building; placed symmetrically, asymmetrically, etc. have important perceptual impacts. Some design principles are based on the building itself having a symmetrical layout, but the entrance don't have to be on the symmetrical axis only, some others are based on a building having an asymmetrical layout and the entrance, with the facade, being symmetrical. The relation of the entrance area with the interior space, depending on the path taking place inside, can also change according to the function type of the building In order to strengthen the visual effect of the entrance area, other architectural elements such as columns, arcades, facade elements, ornaments, eaves, pillars are frequently used. The scale, which refers to how we perceive the size of a building element or space relative to other forms is also important. In visually measuring the size of an element, we tend to use other elements of known-size in their context as measuring devices, these are known as scale-giving elements. Elements as residential window units and doorways can give us an idea of how large a building is and how many stories it has. But in some cases, it can be seen that, doorways act in a misleading way.As a result, with the almost unlimited design possibilities of today's architecture, the designs without giving enough interest, only based on individual tastes and not on regional, topographical data, should be replaced with more sensitive, original and responsible ones.
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