Yeraltı madenciliğinde sürdürülebilir üretim için stabilite ve tahkimat modelleme ilkeleri
Principles of stability and support modelling for sustainable production in underground mining
- Tez No: 1025032
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ. DR. CÜNEYT ATİLLA ÖZTÜRK
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Maden Mühendisliği ve Madencilik, Mining Engineering and Mining
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 2026
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Maden Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Maden Mühendisliği Bilim Dalı
- Sayfa Sayısı: Belirtilmemiş.
Özet
Madencilik operasyonları, rezervlerin yüzeye yakın noktalarda azalmasıyla birlikte yeraltı metal madenciliği operasyonlarının önemi artmakla birlikte gün geçtikçe daha derin ve gerilmeli ortamlara yönelmektedir. Bu yönelim, kazı stabilitesinin korunmasında kaya mekaniği prensiplerine dayalı, dinamik ve yüksek verimli tahkimat sistemlerinin kullanımını zorunluluk haline getirmektedir. Bu tez çalışması, yeraltı metal madenlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılan ankraj ve püskürtme beton sistemlerinin teknik özelliklerini ve birbirleri ile olan etkileşimlerini incelemektedir. Etkileşim çık tıları, güncel madencilik yöntemlerinde kullanılan uygulamalar öncülüğünde çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir. Tez çalışması kapsamında, ankraj sistemlerini içeren kaya saplamaları ve püskürtme beton ele alınarak mekanik davranışları, yük taşıma kapasiteleri ve birbirleri ile etkileşimine bağlı performansları, literatür verileri ve saha örneklemleri eşliğinde analiz edilmiştir. Özellikle derinliği artan metalik maden lerde karşılaşılan deformasyon ve kaya patlaması risklerine karşı geliştirilen tahkimat sistemleri üzerinde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kaya kütle sınıflama sistemlerine göre zayıf, orta ve iyi kaya profilindeki literatür değerleri ve kayaç parametreleri kullanılarak yeraltı açıklıklarının deformasyon çıktıları değerlendirilmiştir. Kullanılacak tahkimat sistemlerinin kaya profilleri üzerindeki etkinliği ortaya konmuştur. Ankraj sistemleri üzerinde mekanik çalışmaların etkileri değerlendirilerek optimum aralıkların uyumlu luğu test edilerek analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Püskürtme betonun içerik analizleri, fiber katkısının karışımlar üzerindeki etkisi, erken dayanım ve nihai dayanıma etkisi, durabilitesi ve beton mekanik parametreleri detaylandırılmıştır. Kullanılacak tahkimat sistemlerinin saha uygulama test abakları ortaya konmuştur. Tezde ayrıca, sayısal modelleme yöntemi tercih edilerek ankraj ve püskürtme betonun birlikte destek sistemi olarak kaya kütlesi ile etkileşimi simüle edilmiş ve destek sistemlerinin optimizasyonu için parametreler değerlendirilerek analiz edilmiştir. Kazı sonrası yeraltı açıklıklarının tahkim süresi boyunca maruz kaldığı deformasyon kuvvetleri ve yük taşıma kapasiteleri detaylıca analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen değerlendirme sonuçlarının literatür verileri ile uyumluluğu incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, sürdürülebilir üretim için stabilite kontrolü ve modelleme ilkelerinde değerlendirilebilecek abaklar haline getirilmiştir. Kaya kalitesine göre uygulanacak tahkimat sistemi ve bu tahkimat sistemlerinin kontrol aralıkları ve kontrol parametreleri elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen abaklar ile sürdürülebilir üretim hedeflenmiştir. Güncel teknolojik tahkimat uygulamaları ve dijital madencilik entegrasyonu da çalışma kapsamına dahil edilerek, güvenli ve verimli yeraltı madencilik operasyonlarına bir yol haritası sunulmuştur.
Özet (Çeviri)
As near-surface reserves become depleted, mining operations are increasingly shifting toward deeper and high-stress environments, thereby heightening the importance of underground metal mining operations. This trend necessitates the use of dynamic and highly efficient support systems based on rock mechanics principles to maintain excavation stability. This thesis examines the technical characteristics and mutual interactions of rock bolt and shotcrete systems commonly used in underground metal mines. Interaction outputs are evaluated within the scope of the study, driven by applications used in modern mining methods. Within the scope of the thesis, the mechanical behaviors, load-bearing capacities, and performance resulting from the interaction of anchorage systems (rock bolts) and shotcrete were analyzed using literature data and field samples. Analyses have been conducted on support systems developed to address the risks of deformation and rockbursts, particularly in deep-seated metal mines. Analyses were conducted by evaluating the effects of mechanical operations on anchorage systems and testing the compatibility of optimal spacings. The composition analyses of shotcrete, the effect of fiber reinforcement on the mixtures, the impact on early and ultimate strength, durability, and mechanical parameters of the concrete are detailed. Rock mass classifications and rock properties have been established in the literature, and the classified data are presented in detail. Rock quality and stability have been determined by establishing rock properties through parameters derived from rock mechanics tests. The deformation outputs of underground openings were evaluated using literature values and rock mass parameters corresponding to weak, moderate, and good rock profiles, based on rock mass classification systems. The effectiveness of the support systems to be used on the rock profiles has been demonstrated. The deformation forces and load-bearing capacities to which underground openings are subjected during the support period following excavation have been analyzed in detail. A list of decisions and the measures to be taken following the excavation stage based on the quality characteristics of the rock formations where operational activities are conducted are presented in the form of charts. Periodic inspections and processes have been explained in a step-by-step manner to ensure a safe and sustainable workspace. The aim was to enable the verification of rock types identified with the aid of rock classification systems by comparing the support models to be employed with the deformation parameters expected to occur after excavation. Furthermore, in the thesis, a numerical modelingmethodwasemployed to simulate the interaction of thecombined rock bolt and shotcrete support system with the rock mass, and the system was analyzed by evaluating parameters for its optimization. Analyses were represented in two dimensions using Rocscience software. The consistency of the obtained evaluation results with literature data was examined. Support elements and their properties have been statistically analyzed. Studies regarding safety factors, support performance, wall and roof deformations, stress distribution within the shotcrete beton, anchor pull-out forces, shotcrete cracking zones, shotcrete energy absorption capacity, and the factor of safety (FS) were conducted to determine the most effective support combination. Due to the lack of field data, the modeling parameters were based on parameters accepted in the literature. In shotcrete applications, the application thickness is a significant factor. It has been observed that the initial impact is high at the applied shotcrete thicknesses. It has significantly inhibited roof displacement. A shotcrete thickness of 100 mm proved to be the most stable iteration for absorbing nominal deformation. It has been concluded that exceeding the applied shotcrete thickness yields no marginal benefit while resulting in increased costs. Dynamic behavior (rockburst) was analyzed solely using the static equivalent method. The effects of anchorage systems and frequency of use on deformation were compared using numerical formulas and the finite element method. The compatibility of the shotcrete application with the anchor combination has been evaluated based on the rock mass structure. It has been observed that, in weak rock formations, anchoring and shotcrete components are insufficient and require more specific support measures. In geotechnical formations of medium rock quality, the effect of anchor type and anchor spacing on deformation and load-bearing capacity has been clearly observed. The use of wet concrete offers advantages in underground applications. Operations proceeded over the fresh concrete. It was observed that the shotcrete thickness had a nominal effect on deformation and also provided a combination compatible with the anchoring systems. In good-quality rock, it has been observed that local application of anchors or shotcrete is sufficient, and that a dual combination which does not result in a significant change in total deformation can lead to unnecessary costs and a waste of labor. Although the combined support system yields the most efficient results in terms of plastic zone classification, the proportion of flowing elements could not be reduced below 95% under weak rock conditions. This situation triggers the need for additional heavy support in the form of shoring. In weak rock profiles, the system fails and leads to collapse during the interval between excavation and the installation of permanent support. In the case of a good rock profile, the situation is exactly the opposite. The rock mass exhibits self-supporting capacity. Following excavation, the opening demonstrates load-bearing capacity through a natural arching effect. Under these conditions, it has been found that the implementation of monitoring and local support systems in the openings within the relevant formation yields both reasonable and economical results, thereby preventing a loss in production speed. The need for optimization and advanced engineering design is centered entirely on the GSI 50–70 range (medium-quality rock). It has been demonstrated that the most efficient solution in formations of medium rock quality is the combination of Split Sets and 100 mm of shotcrete. Although cable and resin-grouted anchors offer high load-bearing capacity, the split-set system stands out by far in operational terms due to the flexible deformation compatibility it exhibits with the rock mass. It has been observed that a nominal shotcrete thickness of 100 mm is the most suitable thickness to complement the load-bearing capacity. The results have been converted into charts that can be evaluated within the framework of stability control and modeling principles for sustainable production. The methods to be applied for the quality control of support operations in underground openings based on the geotechnical formation and the type of support used are specified. Precaution charts have been developed regarding the monitoring and intervention timeframes associated with support systems and underground openings. Complex numerical models, validated using the finite element method, have been transformed into practical design charts and quality control matrices. The support system to be implemented, along with the associated monitoring intervals and parameters, has been determined based on rock quality. Sustainable production has been targeted through the use of the resulting charts. It has been determined that as rock quality decreases, the extent of support required must increase very rapidly rather than linearly. The classification of support elements to be used based on rock mass classification systems has been presented. In this context, the aim is to reduce unnecessary costs and operational productivity losses. The objective is to establish operating conditions within the optimal range and safe zone. A chart of accepted control criteria to be followed has been developed to test the compatibility of the fortification operations performed with literature standards and the combinations of numerical modeling field applications. In this context, an outcome evaluation criterion has been established that defines acceptance, monitoring, and precautionary limits. Measurement methods vary according to the limit values. The test methods to be employed within the scope of these acceptance criteria have been specified. By incorporating modern technological ground support applications and digital mining integration into the scope of the study, a roadmap for safe and efficient underground mining operations has beenpresented. It aims to provideanoperational and data-driven engineering guide that enhances occupational safety by minimizing risks associated with support system design.
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FİSUN ÖZŞUÇA
Yüksek Lisans
Türkçe
1986
MimarlıkGazi ÜniversitesiMimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı
YRD. DOÇ. DR. ORHAN CEZMİ TUNCER