Programlanabilir lojik kontrolörler ve bir konum kontrolü uygulaması
Programmable logic controllers and an application of position control
- Tez No: 14176
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. EMİN TACER
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1990
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 114
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada esas olarak, programlanabilir lojik kontrolörler tanıtılmış ve simülasyon (benzeştirme) yöntemiyle test edilen bir“konum kontrolü”uygulaması incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme, kontrolü yapılacak sistemin tanıtılmasından başlayıp, kontrolünü gerçekleyen yazılım programı aşamasına kadar sırasıyla; gerekli olan fiziksel giriş/çıkış elemanlarının belirlenmesi, işlem sürecinin tanımlanması, bu sürece bağlı akış fonksiyonunun oluşturulması, gerekli lojik bağlantıların çıkartılması, yazılım program taslağı, programın kullanılan PLC'ye bir RS232 seri bağlantı ile bilgisayardan yüklenmesini içermekted i r. Düşük maliyet, çok yönlü ve kolayca iş görme ihtiyacı, kontrolörlerin programlanabilir kontrol olarak gelişmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Standart birimler, işlem süreci ve makina kontrolü için bir donanım merkezi işlem birimi (CPU) ve belleğe dayandırıldı. Gerçekte PLC 'ler, geleneksel kontrol kontrol panelleri içinde bulunan lojik zamanlayıcı ve donanım röleleri yerine tasarlanmışlardır. PLC, bir akış diyagramı şeklinde basit komutları yerine getirme ve programlamaya dayanan kontrol esnekliğini ve duyarlığını temin eder.PLC'ler zamanlayıcı, saklayıcı gibi iç fonksiyonlara sahip olduğundan en küçük modeli bile karmaşık kontrolleri yapılabilir. Programlanabilir kontrolör, bir işlem sürecinden giriş işaretlerini alıp, belleğinde programlanmış olan lojik komutları gerçekleştirdikten sonra, bu giriş işaretleri üzerinden makinadaki diğer işlemi sürmek üzere çıkışa işaret üreterek çalışır. Standart arabirimler, ara devrelere veya rölelere ihtiyaç duymaksızın güç çevirici ve harekete geçirici işlemlerde, direkt bağlantıya izin veren PLC'ler için inşa edilir. PLC kullanımı, bağlantı zorunluğu olmaksızın bir kontrol sistemini değiştirir.Sadece bir ekran gösterge birimi (VDU) terminal veya klavye (keypad) kullanarak kontrol programını değiştirmek gerekir. Programlanabilir kontrolör aynı zamand.a donanım sistemlerinin yaptığından daha kısa yerleşim ya görev zamanı gerektirir. PLC'ler konvansiyonel bilgisayarlara benzer olmalarına karşın donanım teknolojisine bağlı olarak, endüstriyel kontrole uygun özel niteliklere sahiptirler. Bu nitelikler:. Şiddetli gürültüye bağışık donanım elemanı. Ayarlanabilir şekilde devreye girebilen konstrüksiyon, bu sayede kolay yer değiştirme ve giriş/çıkış gibi birimlerin ilavesine izin verme *-. Standart giriş/çıkış bağlantıları ve işaret seviyeleri. Programlama dilini kolayca anlama ve yerleşim içinde yeniden programlama. vi
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS AND AN APPLICATION OF POSITION CONTROL The main objective 1n this thesis 1s to Introduce programmable logic controller and to consider an application of“position control”which is tested by simulation method. This considering begins from controlled system introducing and continuous 1n sequandng;. To define dynamic input/output elements.. System processing.. To carry out flowchart or ladder functions.. To find out required logic functions.. Programing software layout.. Transferring program from personal computer to PLC using an RS232 serial link. Main target of the position control 1n this application is the optimization of the available storage capacity and the required locations. The manually kept file cards 1s replaced. Machine users have free control of locations. System starts automatically and no time consuming or complicated procedures required when switching on. Used control system devices:. Autolog 36 (Finland) PLC 's used to control.. A simulator which 1s considering in Figure 7.4.. Inputs: 1 push-button“motor start”“motor stop”1 microswltch“to realize the box which is arrived to operator”1 keypad“The Inputs of choosing box by operator”. All Included LED for simulation outputs: start/stop motor forward motor backward For each storage boxes Because it is chosen the small size PLC including 20/16 I/O, number of the, boxes on the conveyor line are limited on 16. At the beginning each outputs show the one storage box. Also, more storage box can be controlled by using Interlock system on the same I/O. Again, because used PLC is not including analog I/O, or PID features, the program designing has been operated to create by counters and timers. On operated position control system, the using more complex programing is to create same viiprocess control with function modules. less cost, without using additional The need for low-cost, versatile and easily commissioned controllers has resulted In the development of“programmable control system”standard units based on a hardware CPU and memory for the control of machines or processes. Originally designed as a replacement for the hard-wired relay and timer logic to be found in traditional control panels, PLC provide ease and flexibility of control based on programing and executing simple logic Instructions *often 1n ladder diagram form). PLCs have Internal functions such as timers, counters and shift registers, making sophisticated control possible using even the smallest PLC. A programmable controller operates by examining the Input signals from a process and carrying out logic Instructions (which have been programed Into Its memory) on these input signals, producing output signals to drive process equipment or machinery. Standard Interfaces built in to PLCs allow them to be directly connected to process actuators and transducers (e.g. pumps and valves) without the need for Intermediate circuitry or relays. Programmable controller Program memory Work memory Input circuits Kr Output circuits Power supply Input devices Output devices Figure 1. Programmable controller structure. Through using PLCs it became possible to modify a control system without having to disconnect or re-route a single wire; It was necessary to change only the control program using a keypad or VDU terminal. Programmable controllers also require shorter installation and commissioning times than do hardware system. Although PLCs are similar to“conventional”computers in terms of hardware technology, they have specific features suited to Industrial control:. rugged, noise immune equipment;. modular plug-in construction, allowing easy replacement/ addition of units (e.g. input/ output). standard input/output connections and signal levels;. easily understood programming language (e.g. ladder diagram or function chart);. ease of programming and reprogramming in-plant. v1iiThese features make programmable controllers highly desirable 1n a wide variety of Industrial-plant and process- control situations. The table blow provides a comparison between various control media. This 1s only and further technical information can be obtained from the manufacturers' data sheets on each specific system. Table 1. Comparison of the control system Chracterlstic Relay system Digital logic Computers PLC system Programmable controllers emerge from the comparison as the best overall choice for a control system, unless the ultimate in operating speed or resistance to electrical noise 1s required, in which case hardware digital logic and relays are marginally superior to a large PLC equipped with relevant functions cards, but only 1n terms of creating the functions, not using them. Here the PLC is more efficient i xthrough passing values to the special function module, which then handles the control function independently of the main processor (a multiprocessor system). Programmable controllers have both hardware and software features that make them attractive as controllers of a wide range of industrial equipment. We shall now examine these features in some detail. The internal operation of any programmable controller is essentially similar to any other microprocessor - based system. Differences occur in the manner of input/output handling, and the interface hardware provided. PLCs are specifically designed to connect to most common Industrial control system, i.e. they are hardware specific, but they offer great flexibility through programming. Today virtually every manufacturer of electronics control equipment markets a range of programmable controllers, with facilities ranging from simple switched I/O through the sophisticated continuous control. Developments in this area are continuing at a rate almost equal to that in the field of personal computing. Because of this, the power and operating speed of all programmable controllers 1s constantly improving, whilst equipment prices at words remain steady, and frequently fall. F1g. 2 (a) outlines the constitutes overall design strategy for programmable control system. This allows the development and installation of both hardware and software by separate but parallel routs, providing the program designer with the maximum possible time to consider the control requirements and generate the software solution. The basic design techniques is used in solving combinatorial and sequential control tasks. Boolean algebra formed the basis of constructing the logic networks required to implement each step 1n the design solution. System operation has been described using flow chart and function-chart techniques. Besides standard logic functions, all but the smallest PLCs are equipped with other facilities that allow the straightforward implementation of programs to control sequential systems. The standard features and functions of programmable controllers 1s provided by the system software and hardware. These are all digital functions in nature, and satisfy the sequence and logic requirements of discontinuous industrial control applications. In a large number of cases, however, other controller functions may be required in addition to logic sequencing. To meet this demand, many PLCs are capable of performing additional functions such as analog input /output, continuous control, communications, etc. Depending on the model of PLC, these“special functions”may be performed either internally by the main CPU or by add-on applications modules. Even very small programmable controllers can be obtained with Integral or add-on special functions, most commonly the facilities of analog I/O and communications. Programmable controllers constitute an important element on the route towards full automation, and their ability to communicate over proprietary and open networking system 1s fundamental to achievement of this goal. When embarking on any program of automation, 1t must be remembered that the controller 1s a tool or vehicle used to perform the necessary task. The task are therefore paramount, the controller only a means of achieving them. The importance of defining the control tasks and objectives 1s stressed, since before any control problem can be solved, It 1s necessary to develop an accurate definition of the desired system function. Experience has proved that errors existing at this formative stage will be extremely costly to correct at a later stage, when software design and coding will have taken place, despite the relative ease with which PLC programs may be amended or replaced. It remains more economic 1n terms of time and money to have a correct specification, and there for a reliable system design. xiCommence project I Firm up specif ications, requirements, out! ine task 1 Identify I/O requirements, processing/memory needs Hardware I I Software Analyze software control requirements I Complete process -Select parts/ system components I i Describe 1 sub-process Assemble PC i ZZL Design a sequence \ I I 7TV TTT etc. etc Complete documentation I i Link proven modules Testing, simulation I Place 1n memory hard copy and documentation T Software functional test, run in hardware Modifications as required I --+--İ Instal lation Commissioning, modifications I Complete documentation train operating staff Figure 2. (a) PC system design procedure [2]. xii
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