Türkiye'de metropolitenleşme sürecinde kentsel ilişkiler konusunda bir araştırma: İstanbul metropoliten kent örneği
A Research aimed at explaning the urban relations in the metropolitanization process in Turkey
- Tez No: 14364
- Danışmanlar: PROF. HANDE SUHER
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Şehircilik ve Bölge Planlama, Urban and Regional Planning
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 117
Özet
ÖZET Sanayi öncesi Kentleri ve Sanayi Kentlerinden sonra kent sel evrim sürecinin üçüncü aşaması olan Metropoliten Kentler, 20. yüzyılın teknolojik gelişiminin sonucunda kentsel ve so syo- ekonomik işlevlerin geniş coğrafi alan - lar üzerinde yaygın yerleşimine bağlı olarak büyük bir kentsel nüfus ve alanca yayılma ile gelişim göstermekte - dir. Metropol! tenleşme, bir gelişme süreci ve olgusu ola rak gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde farklı düzey ve biçimlerde oluşmuştur. Türkiye'de metropolitenleşme, sanayileşme süreci geçirme- miş bir kentsel yapı üzerinde oluşmuş, 1950'lerde ortaya çıkan tek egemen kent olgusu 1960'lardan sonra toplumdaki değişmelerle metropol i tenleşmeye yönelmiştir. Bu tezin amacı; metropolitenleşme sürecinde Türkiye'nin milyon nüfuslu kentleri arasında birincil metropoliten kent olma durumunu koruyan İstanbul Metropoliten Kenti örnek alınarak karakteristiklerinin değerlendirilmesi ile ülkemizde metropoliten planlama çalışmalarının geliştiril mesine yardımcı olmaktır. Altı bölümden oluşan çalışmanın giriş bölümünde konu genel hatları ile ele alınarak tanıtılmış, ikinci bölümde metro politen kent ve metropoliten alanın kavramsal açıklamala - rina yer verilmiş, üçüncü bölümde kentleşme ve metropoli - tenleşme süreci gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ayrı ayrı ele alınarak incelenmiş, Türkiye'de metropoliten kent olgusu ve metropoliten planlama girişimlerinin değerlendi rildiği bu bölümde Türkiye'de metropoliten planlama poli - tikaları ve yasal çerçeveye de yer verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde İstanbul metropoliten kentinin karakteristikleri - nin değerlendirilmesi yapılmış, beşinci bölümde İstanbul metropoliten kenti 1950-1990 kesitinde ele alınarak yapı - sal değişimin mekâna yansıması incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde istanbul Metropoliten Kenti' nde kentin yayılması ile fonk siyon alanlarının alanca büyümesi arasındaki ilişkiler korrelasyon katsayısı hesabı ile aranmış ve aynı dönem için Ankara Metropoliten Kenti ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu bölümde ayrıca Türkiye'de Metropoliten Kentlerin büyü - meşinde etkili olan faktörlerin analizi çoklu korrelasyon ile ölçülmüştür. Sonuç bölümü olan altıncı bölümde önceki bölümlerdeki çalışmalara dayanılarak değerlendirilerek ge nellenmiş, metropoliten planlama çalışmaları için yardımcı olacak ilkeler saptanmıştır. JCİ
Özet (Çeviri)
A RESEARCH AIMED AT EXPLAINING THE URBAN RELATIONS IN THE METROPOLITANIZATION PROCESS IN TURKEY SUMMARY As the starting-point of a brief historical study of the metropolis, we should examine two important phenomena which have caused big changes and conversions of human settlement pattern.“Agricultural revolution”as the first one is the ability to control the growth of food in permanent settlements as opposed to hunting and collecting. It was this that made cities possible. Secondly, technological innovations have been caused by the industrial revolution and its accompanying demographic changes affected the western life thoroughly. The division of labor and increased productivity made concentration in cities possible, and the required co-operation of labor made it necessary, because the new system called for bringing together workers of many skills and diverse establishments that had to interchange good and services. Metropolitan city is the third phase in the urban evolution process and took the form as a result of the technological advancements of the 20th. century. Metropolitan cities have emerged in the Developed Western Countries as a result of structural changes and accumulation in the structure of industrial city during the industrialization process. The phenomenan of metropolitanization in developing countries has evolved by the downward imposition of advanced technology on the city structure that had not gone through the industrial city and society evolution. This rapidly developing growing new phenomenan that dominates its surroundings is the result of a system of relations that is developed by transportation and communication technologies and this type of settlement is referred to as“primate city”. The workforce, which has migrated from, rural areas to urban areas-as a result of modernisation of agriculture and xiidevelopment of transport facilities in 1950* s was absorbed by large cities mainly by Istanbul. Emergence of the phenomenon of primate city in 1950' s when the urbanization started, led its way to metropol it ani za - tion by the social changes after 1960 's. The first planning effort in metropolitan scale in Turkey, was the East Marmara Region Project. This project was carried out by the Marmara Region Planning Organisation which was established in 1960 as a division of The Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlement. In this project, Istanbul and its surroundings were planned as a large metropolis. Completed in 1963, this plan, which had a metropolitan planning characteristics, aimed to offer solutions tp the growth problems of Istanbul. Increasing urbanisation after the Second World War, caused the large cities face numerous problems. Establishment of Istanbul Metropolitan Area Master Plan Bureau (1960), Izmir Metropolitan Area Master Plan Bureau (1968) and Ankara Metropolitan Area Master Plan Bureau (1969) in cities where the metropolitanization was distinct, was the start of planning efforts of metropolitan scale. It is necessary to identify the superiority of its natural structure and status, the special city functions gained during the historical process and its own characteristics, in a period of urbanisation and industrialization in our country, in order to apprehend the importance and status of Istanbul, which is the most urbanized and industrialized city of the most urbanized and industrialized region of the country. As the primary metropolitan city of the country, Istanbul is a“world city”since the centuries and functioned as a capital from that time to the first years of Republic when the Government moved to Ankara and it always has been equipped according to its special function during the historical process. Istanbul is the primary center of papulation, industry, commerce, labor and the major center of education, art, music, drama and entertainment. It is acting a very important role in the socio-economic life of our country as the biggest metropolitan city. Istanbul's per capita income is above the average national per capita income. xiiiFunctioning as a capital for centuries, agriculture has a considerably low share in Istanbul, which has preserved its characteristic of being supplied with food from outside since the Byzantine Period, the rate of change of the number of workers in the agricultural sector, between the years 1960-1985 is 12-5 %. It is the showing the suitability with the definition of the metropolitan city and with the goals of Developments Plans. Istanbul with the 25-35 % of active population in the second sector between 1960-1985 shows us that Istanbul is the first city of the country because of concentration of active population in the second sector. Istanbul with the 43-59 % of active population in the third sector between 1960-1985 is showing the suitability with the characteristics of the Metropolitan City. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of metropolitan planning efforts by studying the urban relations during Turkey's metropolitanization process and by evaluating the characteristics on a large scale with the example of Istanbul, which is the primary metropolitan city of the country. The thesis consists of sixth chapters. In the first introductry chapter the subject and purpose of the study are defined. In the second chapter, the concepts of metropolitan city phenomena is examined various aspects, characteristics of metropolitan cities and the patterns of the metropolitan cities are explained. In the third chapter, the growth of cities, Metropolitanization Process in the Developed and Developing Countries and Metropolitanization Process t. Metropolitan Planning in Turkey, the policies directing the metropolitan development in Turkey and Legal regulations are searched. In the fourth chapter, Istanbul Metropolitan City's own special characteristics are evaluated in the following sub-headings : o Regional Definition, o Geographical Situation, xivo Natural Structure, o Historical Development Process, o Socio-economic Structure, o Transportation Characteristics, o Communication, o Urban Equipments, o Istanbul Metropolitan Area Planning Studies, In the fifth chapter, spatial dimentions of the structural changes in Istanbul Metropolitan City are analyzed, starting with the period 1950-1990, which can be taken as the starting- of metropolitan! sat ion process, with 10 years periods. Multiple correlation method has been used to analyze the relations between the urban expansion and the urban growth in the Central Business Districts, in the industrial areas, in the residential areas, in the recreational areas of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area, within the 20 years period between 1955-1995. Then the same method is again used for Ankara Metropolitan. Area, in order to compare it with Istanbul Metropolitan Area, within the 20 years period between 1950-1990. The relations between the following variables are used for analyzing the urban growths o Production in the second sector, o Production in the third sector o GNP per capita, o Active population in the second sector, o Active population in the third sector. As a result of this analyzes the following conclusion has been determined:“Production and active population variables in the industrial sector”is found to be more effective factor than both“production and active population variables in the service sector.”xvSo,“production and active population variables in the industrial sector”are the effective factor of the growth in the Metropolitan Cities of Turkey. In the sixth chapter is the final chapter, depending on the studies and evaluations of the previous chapters, characteristics of the Metropolitan City Istanbul is evaluated and generalisations that can help metropolitan planning in Turkey are given. xv i
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