Enerji sistemlerinde güneş pillerinin kullanımı
The Usage of sollar cells in the power system
- Tez No: 19247
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. NESRİN TARKAN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği, Electrical and Electronics Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 140
Özet
heating system. The waist turns into water (steam) there fore the problem of environmental pollution does not exist. There are two ways of producing hydrogen gas to electrical energy. One of the ways are by burning H2 and exciting a turbogenerator with burning products. The second method is using fuel cells. In this method electrical energy is produced from the gas of hydrogen directly. Fuel cells is more promissing. The most wide spread usage of chemical cell storage is electric in batteries that can be charged. In the solar cell systems are used one of four battery types : flooded lead-acid, sealed lead-acid nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) and sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries. Typical specifications are : -- Life of the battery is rated between 5 and 10 years, expressed as number of cycles versus average depth of discharge. Degradation of the nominal capacity is less then 15% after 5 years of operation. -- Battery coulombic efficiency of at least 95%. -- Se I f -d i scharge of not more then 3% to 4% per month at 25 C. -- Capacity to recover from deep discharges. -- The battery to accept low charge rates-typical less than 15 of battery capacity per hour. -- Minimal use of parallel battery cells. -- Physical construction of the battery and plates to be industrial grade and high quality. -- Provides a large reserve of electrolyte to reduce maintenance. -- The size and weight of each cell to allow for easy handling in the field. -- Ability to remain in an uncharged condition (for transportation, install ion, maintenance) without damage for specified periods of time. ix
Özet (Çeviri)
ÖZET Güneşten gelen enerji, nükleer enerji hariç yer yüzündeki tüm enerji kaynaklarının kökenidir. Yer yüze yi ortalaması için metrekare başına yaklaşık bir kilo watt olan bu enerjiyi elektrik enerjisine çeviren en yUksek verimli cihaz, fotovoltaik güneş pilleridir. 1990' 1 ı yılların başları itibarı ile ticari amaç için kullanılan güneş pillerinin verimi 5410 dolayların da ve maliyetleri de 10 $/W civarındadır. Bu yüksek maliyet güneş pillerinden büyük miktarlarda elektrik enerjisi Üretimini engellemektedir. Bununla birlikte günden güne daha ucuz ve yüksek verimli güneş pili malzemeleri bulunmaktadır. Güneş pili modulu maliyetinin yüksek olması, ulusal elektrik şebekesinden enerji alan bölgelerde güneş pillerinden elde edilen enerjinin kullanılmasını ekonomik olmaktan çıkarmaktadır. Ayrıca güneş pili Üreteçlerinin enterkonnekte şebekelere doğrudan bağlanması da sistemin toplam güvenilirliğini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir (böl Um 8). Bunun yanında enerji götürülmesi veya enerjinin sürekliliğinin sağlanması bakımından ekonomik olmayan bölgeler için güneş pili modüllerini içeren melez sistemler elverişlidir (Bu tip melez sistemler ayrıntılı olarak böl Um 4'te incelenmiştir.). Güneşin sürekli olmaması yüzünden güneş pilleri tarafından Üretilen elektrik enerjisinin depolanması gerekmektedir. Depolama işlemi günümüzde akümülatör 1 er ile yapılmaktadır. Fakat depolanan enerji başına akü ağırlığının çok yüksek ve akümülatör 1 er in Ömürlerinin belirli olması, fiyatlarının yükselmesine neden olmak tadır. Bununla birlikte, akülerin çeşitli çevre sorunlarına sebep olmaları da (kurşun, cıva, nikel gibi ağır metalleri içermeleri) yeni alternatif enerji depolama sistemlerinin araştırılmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu sistemlerden en umut verici olanı, suyun hidrolizinden elde edilen hidrojen gazının depolanması ve gerektiğinde yakıt hücreleri kullanılarak tekrar elektrik elde edilmesidir (bölüm 3). Güneş pili modüllerinin pahalı olması, onların güneşten maksimum yararlanacak şekilde yerleştirilmelerini gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada birim yüzey başına gelen direkt güneş ışığı baz alınarak yapılan hesaplamalar, Türkiye için en uygun yerleştirme açısının seçimi ile ilgili bir hesap yöntemi ve sonuçları bölüm 7'de ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.heating system. The waist turns into water (steam) there fore the problem of environmental pollution does not exist. There are two ways of producing hydrogen gas to electrical energy. One of the ways are by burning H2 and exciting a turbogenerator with burning products. The second method is using fuel cells. In this method electrical energy is produced from the gas of hydrogen directly. Fuel cells is more promissing. The most wide spread usage of chemical cell storage is electric in batteries that can be charged. In the solar cell systems are used one of four battery types : flooded lead-acid, sealed lead-acid nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) and sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries. Typical specifications are : -- Life of the battery is rated between 5 and 10 years, expressed as number of cycles versus average depth of discharge. Degradation of the nominal capacity is less then 15% after 5 years of operation. -- Battery coulombic efficiency of at least 95%. -- Se I f -d i scharge of not more then 3% to 4% per month at 25 C. -- Capacity to recover from deep discharges. -- The battery to accept low charge rates-typical less than 15 of battery capacity per hour. -- Minimal use of parallel battery cells. -- Physical construction of the battery and plates to be industrial grade and high quality. -- Provides a large reserve of electrolyte to reduce maintenance. -- The size and weight of each cell to allow for easy handling in the field. -- Ability to remain in an uncharged condition (for transportation, install ion, maintenance) without damage for specified periods of time. ixSince life of a diesel generator is proportional with its running time, the same conditions are valid. Average life of PV cells is 25 years. Flexibility ; Hybrid system can respond to sudden load changes more easily. If necessary, one or more power generator enters the line to balance a over load. Since solar cell arrays are expensive, it is necessary to place them in such manner to benefit from the sun in maximum rate. In this thesis, we went on from this starting point and tried to determine the angles under which the solar cells should be placed, and reviewed the efficiency difference between the cells daily pursuit of the sun and their stationary stay. Conclusions found as a result of the said review are summarized as follows : The PV arrays pursuit the sun continuously in the west-east direction an increase of 35% in the efficiency of the cell. Approximately 90% part of this to increase are obtained by the rotation of the cells in west-east direction with angle of 45° at two direc tions. We found out that in Turkey, it will be possible to have an efficiency increase by about 3 % by letting the solar cells pursuit the vertical ground axis in the south direction. With this rate being so small, it will not be economical to rotate the solar arrays in the said direction. It is more economical to fix the solar arrays at a fixed angle in the said direction. This angle is approximately 33.9°. xiheating system. The waist turns into water (steam) there fore the problem of environmental pollution does not exist. There are two ways of producing hydrogen gas to electrical energy. One of the ways are by burning H2 and exciting a turbogenerator with burning products. The second method is using fuel cells. In this method electrical energy is produced from the gas of hydrogen directly. Fuel cells is more promissing. The most wide spread usage of chemical cell storage is electric in batteries that can be charged. In the solar cell systems are used one of four battery types : flooded lead-acid, sealed lead-acid nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) and sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries. Typical specifications are : -- Life of the battery is rated between 5 and 10 years, expressed as number of cycles versus average depth of discharge. Degradation of the nominal capacity is less then 15% after 5 years of operation. -- Battery coulombic efficiency of at least 95%. -- Se I f -d i scharge of not more then 3% to 4% per month at 25 C. -- Capacity to recover from deep discharges. -- The battery to accept low charge rates-typical less than 15 of battery capacity per hour. -- Minimal use of parallel battery cells. -- Physical construction of the battery and plates to be industrial grade and high quality. -- Provides a large reserve of electrolyte to reduce maintenance. -- The size and weight of each cell to allow for easy handling in the field. -- Ability to remain in an uncharged condition (for transportation, install ion, maintenance) without damage for specified periods of time. ixSince life of a diesel generator is proportional with its running time, the same conditions are valid. Average life of PV cells is 25 years. Flexibility ; Hybrid system can respond to sudden load changes more easily. If necessary, one or more power generator enters the line to balance a over load. Since solar cell arrays are expensive, it is necessary to place them in such manner to benefit from the sun in maximum rate. In this thesis, we went on from this starting point and tried to determine the angles under which the solar cells should be placed, and reviewed the efficiency difference between the cells daily pursuit of the sun and their stationary stay. Conclusions found as a result of the said review are summarized as follows : The PV arrays pursuit the sun continuously in the west-east direction an increase of 35% in the efficiency of the cell. Approximately 90% part of this to increase are obtained by the rotation of the cells in west-east direction with angle of 45° at two direc tions. We found out that in Turkey, it will be possible to have an efficiency increase by about 3 % by letting the solar cells pursuit the vertical ground axis in the south direction. With this rate being so small, it will not be economical to rotate the solar arrays in the said direction. It is more economical to fix the solar arrays at a fixed angle in the said direction. This angle is approximately 33.9°. xiheating system. The waist turns into water (steam) there fore the problem of environmental pollution does not exist. There are two ways of producing hydrogen gas to electrical energy. One of the ways are by burning H2 and exciting a turbogenerator with burning products. The second method is using fuel cells. In this method electrical energy is produced from the gas of hydrogen directly. Fuel cells is more promissing. The most wide spread usage of chemical cell storage is electric in batteries that can be charged. In the solar cell systems are used one of four battery types : flooded lead-acid, sealed lead-acid nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) and sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries. Typical specifications are : -- Life of the battery is rated between 5 and 10 years, expressed as number of cycles versus average depth of discharge. Degradation of the nominal capacity is less then 15% after 5 years of operation. -- Battery coulombic efficiency of at least 95%. -- Se I f -d i scharge of not more then 3% to 4% per month at 25 C. -- Capacity to recover from deep discharges. -- The battery to accept low charge rates-typical less than 15 of battery capacity per hour. -- Minimal use of parallel battery cells. -- Physical construction of the battery and plates to be industrial grade and high quality. -- Provides a large reserve of electrolyte to reduce maintenance. -- The size and weight of each cell to allow for easy handling in the field. -- Ability to remain in an uncharged condition (for transportation, install ion, maintenance) without damage for specified periods of time. ix
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