Dar gelirli kentlilerin konut sorunu ve soruna sosyal içerikli mekansal çözüm arayışları

The Housing problem of urban poor and architectural approaches with social contents in Turkey

Tez No: 19382
Yazar: GÜLÇİN PULAT
Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. EROL KULAKSIZOĞLU
Tez Türü: Doktora
Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
Yıl: 1991
Dil: Türkçe
Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
Sayfa Sayısı: 327

Özet

ÖZET Hızlı bir kentleşme sürecinde olan ülkemizde, özellikle büyük kentlerde konut sorunu İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası giderek artan bir önem kazanırken, sorunu tüm ağırlığıyla kentlerde yaşayan dar gelirli ailelerin omuzladığı görülmektedir. Kentsel alanlarda oluşan konut açığının dar gelirli kentlilerin kendi ürettikleri gecekondu türü ko nutla karşılanması, sorunun sadece boyutlarını değiştirmekte, ortadan kaldırmamaktadır. Hükümetlerin konut açığını kapatmak ve yasadışı gecekondu yerleşmelerini önlemek amacıyla aldığı önlemler yetersiz kalmakta, benimsenen politikalar gün geçtikçe sayıları artan dar ge lirli kentli kesimin siyasi potansiyel oluşturmaları nedeniyle uygu lanamamaktadır. îşte bu koşullarda dar gelirli kentlilerin konut sorununa ülke koşullarına uygun çözümler geliştirmek amacıyla temel kriterlerin sap tanması ve değerlendirilmesi gerekmiştir. Çalışmada önce Dünyada ve Türkiye'de dar gelirli kentlilerin tarihsel süreç içinde konut gelişimleri incelenmiş, sonra dar gelirli kentli konutlarına ilişkin sosyo-ekonomik, kültürel ve mekânsal özel likler saptanmıştır. Dar gelirli kentlilerin özellikleri ve konut sorunu tüm yönle riyle ortaya konduktan sonra hükümetlerin gün geçtikçe büyüyen konut açığı sorununa çözüm olarak ürettikleri politikalar incelenerek hal kın bu politikalar karşısındaki tutumları irdelenmiştir. Tüm saptamalar ve bulgulardan çeşitli tablo ve grafikler oluş turularak, dar gelirli kentliye ilişkin genel değerlendirmeler yapıl mıştır. Sonuçta bu değerlendirmelere dayanılarak dar gelirli kentli ailelerin konut sorununa yanıt verecek çözüm alternatiflerine temel oluşturan kriterler belirlenmiştir. Saptanan ve tartışılan bu kri terler ışığında konut sorununa ilişkin politikalardan konut yapımına kadar çeşitli aşamalarda finansman, örgütlenme, teknoloji, sosyal ve mekânsal açılardan yeni düzenlemelerin gerekli olduğu sonucuna varıl mıştır. vı -

Özet (Çeviri)

SUMMARY THE HOUSING PROBLEM OF URBAN POOR AND ARCHITECTURAL APPROACHES WITH SOCIAL CONTENTS IN TURKEY The housing problem is essentially concerned with the need for shelter which has received worldwide attention as one of the conse quences of industrialization and urbanization, and increased with the after effects of catastrophic events like wars and natural disastors. The social content of housing is wery strong, since it is the seed-bed where environmental conditions necessary for the physiological and social existence of the family, the smallest structural unit in the organizational makeup of societies, are created. The housing problem manifests itself in a multi -dimensional framework in which the depth of each dimension changes depending on the specific societal formation which is made up of integral parts such as the socio-economic struc ture, cultural and historical background, political priorities, levels of technological development and societal organization, and accumula tion of knowledge of that society. Since housing is expected to pro vide shelter for people and establish a humane life for individuals in a healthy environment, discussion on housing becomes a central issue in social research, although to content of which way change depending on the country which is subject to examination. While in developed countries, the problem can be seen as a manifestation of the absolute poverty experienced by individuals who are pushed out of the existing economic and social order, in less developed countries it can go beyond poverty to destitution and to sheltering of individuals who are exposed to starvation. In Turkey and other developing countries, the problem can turn into one of insufficient housing and squattering as a consequence of migration of people to big cities where there is shortage of jobs and services and an extraordinary growth of popula tion and where industrialization and development take place more intensively. Hence, the housing problem, in general, is a problem of shelter for the low-income or poor, and this problem can be yery serious for those developing and industrializing countries whose cities experience a high rate of population growth along with unequal income distribution. The sheltering problem of the low-income urban people gives birth to problem specific, short-term and universal solutions; namely, neighbourhood made up of thousands of shanty settlements that have spread around the outskirts of cities, without any planning or programming activity, neither with any infrastructure. These settle ments, which are called under different names in different countries account for generating unhealthy environments, and lead to impropet use of land and to rapid consumption of urban sources in an irrational manner. As the number of these neighbourhoods increase, the supply of urban services becomes insufficient; hence, governments and local - vii -authorities become incapable of providing housing and services to the low-income due to restricted sources. An avarage of 30-60 percent of the urban population in developing countries are inhabitants of these informal settlements. This fact shows that informal housing has become a decisive characteristic of developing countries. This problem should be expected to prevail until the 21st century and even to become more threatening, if population growth and urbanization proceeds in the same speed as it is now and if appropri ate solutions are not developed. The urban population of developing countries is predicted to reach to two thousand million people, and 60 percent of this population is expected to live in illegal houses, e.g. squatters. In Turkey, while in 1985, 59 percent of the whole population, in other words 34 million, were the urban inhabitants, this percentage is predicted to become 70 percent, i.e. over 53 million, in the 21st century. What this means is that within a decade, 20 million people will be migrating to cities and if each household is considered an avarage of four people, five million housing units will have to be built in those cities. This vital issue being the problem, now we are face to face with a number of topics to be discussed: Organizational arrangements to be made for finding healthy solutions to problems of urban and shelter origin, arising from needs of urban inhabitants; integration of the squattering phenomenon to the developmental process of the city for a healthy urbanization process; supply of urban land for new housing settlements; change in the organizational structure of the society to provide contemporary urban services in cities that experi ence rapid development and in newly developed urban land. Departing from here, the purpose of this study is to determine criteria for laying the foundation of alternative solutions to be developed for the sheltering of the urban low-income and for evaluating those solutions. A theoretical approach forms the basis of this evaluative study. The intent here is to initiate an argumentative process for developing a fundamental approach to the housing problem. Chapters of the thesis are organized in a manner which gives a synopsis of the method followed in this research, and they are a sequel of the basic assumptions pro posed here. These, assumptions are summarized as follows:. Housing problem does not have only one true solution due to its social content.. Housing problem is a universal phenomenon. Although the origins of the problem are common to all countries, the significance of the origins can show variance. What makes the housing problem indigenous is the changing socio-cultural structure of the urban low-income in different countries.. There is no research that proposes concrete and general izabl e phe nomena by integrating the results of studies conducted on housing settlements of low-income who live in the two largest cities of Turkey, i.e. Istanbul and Ankara. - viii -. Housing policies of governments have fallen short of solving the problems of the low- income. The variety of solutions developed by these people mark the differences between approaches possessed by different societies and their governments. This thesis aims to verify the assumptions that are stated above, in the chapters that follow. The first chapter is an explanation of the general scope of the thesis. Here, the housing problem and its dimensions are dis-r cuSsed and predictions are made for the 21st century. In the second chapter, the housing problem and self-generated solutions of the low-income families are introduced with special reference to cases seen in developing countries, and the universal character of the problem along with self-generated solutions are emphasized. In order to explicate the differences in various coun- - tries, seven examples, four from Latin American and three from Asian countries are examined. Housing conditions of the urban low-income in these countries are discussed within a historical framework. Following these examples, the housing problem prevalent in big cities of Turkey, specifically istanbul and Ankara, is taken into considera tion within ten year intervals starting from the year of constitution of the Republic. The social change experienced by Turkey and hence by its big cities is a very unique occurance; thus, it is important to consider the attributes of this change that are specific to this Country when investigating the housing problem of the urban low-income. Developments observed in Istanbul and in Ankara are discussed compara tively when necessary. Also included in this chapter is a conceptual study for the definition of terms used here, and concepts such as housing shortage, squattering, low-income are examined in a comprehen sive manner. The third chapter is an evaluation of findings stated in re search studies on housing that are carried out in different neighbour hoods of İstanbul and Ankara at different times. These studies, starting from the 1960s, discuss a number of issues that are expected to be effective in developing solutions to the housing problem of the urban low-income. Topics discussed were socio-economic and cultural conditions in the city, spatial attributes of houses, and expecta tions of people about future developments. For an overall evaluation of the subject, these findings are integrated into a whole and further summarized in what is called Evaluation of Research Data Tables, wherein the findings are listed according to years. Statistical techniques are used in the evalua tion of findings; arithmetical means and mean values are calculated for attaining reliable data to propose generalizable results. Data drawn from these studies are compared with data obtained from the 1985 census carried out by the State Institute of Statistics, to introduce an explanation about the state of urban low-income people. Further, results obtained from these tables are presented in a graph ical format. This made it possible to discuss the conditions of the urban low-income who live in Istanbul and Ankara within a social and cultural context and to bring forth tangible data. - ix -The conditions of urban low-income housing in Turkey are com pared with the conditions seen in other countries. Two developed and seven developing countries which were introduced earlier in this study are chosen for discussion. Topics are determined as the socio economic structure of families and physical and spatial characteris tics of their houses. In the fourth chapter, policies and approaches generated as solutions to the housing problem of the urban low-income are explained with reference to Turkey and other developing countries, for an overall evaluation of the subject. Housing policies generated by those seven developing countries are examined within a historical context to emphasize their indigenous character. Two mainstream solutions are observed that are developed for the housing problem of the urban low-income; these are self-generated solutions possessed by urban inhabitants (spontaneous development), and solutions proposed by governments (planned development). This chapter compares the two different developments within the historical context of Turkey, as they are manifested in its big cities, dis cusses the interactions and conflicts between the two developments, and investigates their characteristics. The way urban low-income is very dynamic in nature and these people experience a process of cultural change. The house has been seen as a means of security by the urban low-income, hence creating a housing ownership need. In order to develop solutions that are appropriate to the specific conditions of this Country, an evaluative stance is taken in this study. Based on the findings of evaluations, the fifth chapter of this thesis sets forth the primary objectives of housing at various levels and proposes criteria that is to be fulfilled for the realization of these objectives. A table is developed that includes both the objectives and the criteria. Lines of the table feature objectives at various levels (national, regional, urban, neighbourhood, and the house), and the columns show criteria, (political, economical, organizational, tech nological, social, and spatial). In this matrix, criteria subsets emerge at points where lateral and vertical data intersect. These criteria are also discussed here, and their necessity in developing solutions to the housing problem of the urban low-income is verifiea. The final chapter introduces the results of the study and pro positions concerning solutions to the housing problem are stated. These propositions can be summarized as follows:. Programming studies for the realization of housing areas should emphasize participation of users and incorporate a multi -phase development.. Housing policies should include among its objectives, developing solutions to the housing problem of the urban low-income; and production of rental housing should be endorsed for families who are unable to have the property of a house.. The government should ensure the development of smaller cities by - x -preparing a new developing plan and reduce the migration to tne big cities. Thus, it will be easier to solve the squatting problems for local authorities. Rehabilitation of squatters and old houses should be taken care of urgently. Organization of cooperatives should be supported, peoples' coopera tives should be enhanced, and effectiveness of cooperatives in the production of houses should be increased. New organizational models should be developed for various housing needs. Local authorities should become more effective in solving the housing problem of the urban low-income. Urban land reserves should be increased and possession of land should be reorganized. Funds for housing credits, credit types, and funding organizations should be reorganized. Housing standards should be redetermined and appropriated to the production process of the houses for the low-income. Housing production technologies that are relevant to the specific conditions of this Country should be employed in the production of houses for the urban low-income. - xi -

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