Bir dizel motorunda seramik kaplamanın performansa etkilerinin incelenmesi
A Study on the effect of ceramic coating to the performance in a diesel engine
- Tez No: 19523
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. OĞUZ BORAT
- Tez Türü: Doktora
- Konular: Makine Mühendisliği, Mechanical Engineering
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1991
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Marmara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 92
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmada tabii emmeli tek silindirli bir dizel motoru performans özelliklerini tesbit etmek amacıyla test edilmiştir. Daha sonra test edilen bu motorun silindir kafa yüzeyi ve supapları, ısı geçişini engelleyici bir seramik olan (PSZ) ile kaplanmıştır. Seramik kaplamalı motorun da performans deneyi yapılmış ve deney sonuçları mukayese edilip değerlendirilmiştir. Motordan alınan deney sonuçları kullanılarak, değişik devir ve yüklerdeki faydalı enerji miktarı, soğutma enerjisi ile egzoz enerjisi bilgisayar ile hesaplanmış ve alınan değerler grafikler şeklinde sunulmuştur. Doğrudan deneyden alınan değerlerle yapılan mukayese ve bunlara bağlı hesaplamalar sonucunda PSZ kaplamalı ve kaplamasız motorların her ikisi için yumurta eğrileri (eş özgül yakıt tüketimi) çizilmiştir. Bu eğriler üze rinde yapılan mukayese ve incelemede, düşük ısı kayıplı motorun, düşük ve orta hız ile yüklerde özgül yakıt tüketiminin azaldığı, minimum özgül yakıt tüketimi alanında ise daha geniş bir çalışma aralığı ve daha düşük bir değere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Yüksek devir ve tam yük durumlarında aynı gelişme görülmemesine rağmen, düşük ve orta yük ile hızlarda çalışması istenen motorlar için dikkate değer bir yakıt ekonomisi sağlanır. Soğutmaya olan ısı geçişini tespit edip mukayese yapmak amacıyla^ silindir kafası duvarı içine termokopul yerleştirerek ' ısı akışına referans olacak bir sıcaklık değeri (T^) ölçülmüştür. Soğutma suyu debisi ve sıcaklık farkı da ölçülerek cidar sıcaklıkları ve diğer bilinme yenler, genel ısı transfeci eşitlikleri kullanılarak he saplanmıştır. Yalıtım kaplamasının sağladığı ısı kayıbı azalmasının, ısı dengesine tesiri ve ısı kayıbı azalması sebebiyle dizayn parametrelerindeki değişmenin motor performansına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Motorun minimum ve maksimum yük ile devir şartların da 90 saat. çalıştırılmasından sonra, kaplama başarısı ve elde edilen sonuçlar incelenmiştir. Düşük ısı kayıplı motorlara ait yapılan çalışmalar ile bu çalışmalar sonun da görülen sonuçlar, literatürde araştırılmış ve sağlanan başarılar ile beklentiler kısaca takdim edilmiştir. - vııı -
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY A STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF CERAMfC COATING TO THE PERFORMANCE IN A DIESEL ENGINE In this study, a naturally aspirated, water cooled, direct injection, and four stroke diesel engine with one cylinder has been tested to determine the performance characteristics by using a hydrolic dynamometer. In this engine, top surface of the piston, part of the cylinder head, intake and exhaust valve surfaces which are in contact with the combustion gases (which forms the upper side of the combustion chamber) have been coated with a 0.5 mm layer of low-heat conduction ceramic material (Ca PSZ). The thermal expansion coefficients of the coating material and the base material (strata) should be close to each other in order to have a successful thermal coating on the base material. Also, the satisfactoriness of the performance of the coating has been tested because the bonding layer, coating technigue, type of ceramic coating powder, and the coating thickness affect the quality/ success of the coating. Before the coating process started, a particular thickness of all the surfaces to be coated has been removed to keep the original design dimensions/ sizes of the coated motor parts. During the preexperimental operation of the coated engine at 1400 rpm and normal load conditions, the engine has been stopped upon hearing some noises from the engine after a 2 hour operation. When the engine disassembled, it has been observed that the coating at the top of the piston has several cracks and scales although other coated parts were unaffected by operation. Later, experimentation has been kept up by using an uncoated original piston While the cylinder head and valve heads. are coted in tae engine. The specific fuel consumption, effective power, exhaust temperature, temperatures of incoming and outgoing cooling water, and the flow rate of cooling water related to coated and uncoated engines have been measured. Also, a temperature value in the cylinder head (T^) has been measured at a point above the combustion chamber by using thermo-couples for both engines. The relationship between the temperature (T^) measured in the cylinder head wall and the engine speed (n), mean effective pressure (Pme) and the temperature of the cooling water leaving the engine has been examined. This relationship has been presented in Figure 3.22 a,b,c. Enough care/ attention has been paid in choosing the appropriate location of T^ - ix -measurement point in order to get the best possible representative of the engine. Computer simulation results based an a standart engine data have been presented in tables and figures. It's also observed that the amount of heat lost to the cooling water decreases proportionally as the engine speed increases, and that heat loss increases when the mean effective pressure is constant. Exhaust gas temperature and exhaust energy' have increased quantitatively and proportionaly as the engine speed increased while mean effective pressure did not change. Effective power and the total energy increases as the engine speed increases. Expansion and contraction values in intake and exhaust valves and cylinder head have been measured with a sensitivity of 0.01 mm by using a special experimental adaptör equipped with 4 different comparatore to determine the effects of ceramic coatings on engine valve mechanism (springs, valves, and connection rod, etc.). Effects of the coating, on the opening and closing time of valves, open and overlap periods of valves have also been searched. Increases in surface temperatures cause some deviations from the original standart design and operation conditions in the valve mechanism of the engine due to different expansions of the valves and the cylinder head. New design and operation conditions should be set in the liglit of new experimental outcomes. Performance maps have been drawn with axis of the mean effective pressure, engine speed, and the equivalent specific fuel consumption by using experimental results. In these graphs, equivalent specific fuel consumption is a function of mean effective pressure and the engine speed. Both uncoated standart engine and the coated engine (DIKM) have been tested under two different set of value adjustments (conditions) and the results have been compared. For further examination, performance maps have been divided into 4 seperate regions. These are: 1) Low load, low speed 2) High load, low speed 3) Low load, high speed 4) High load, high speed The region in which minimum specific fuel consumption occurs and the other regions have been evaluated one by one and comparatively. As a result of this evaluation, several important results have been derived such as conditions in which engine operates more economically and an appropriate usage purpose of a particular engine (for stationary purpose or for vehicles). For example, for an engine operated at low speed and low mean effevtive pressure, the best and the most advantageous operation condition is the region 1. which has the characteristics - x -of low speed-low mean effective pressure engine operation. Other ways of getting more benefit from an engine by turbocompounding/turbocharging have also been examined by measuring exhaust gas temperature. There is an increase in the- useful energy of adiabatic engine because of revaluation of the high temperature exhaust gases. As a results of experimental measurements, several new arrangements in the cooling system have also been searched due to the decrease in the heat transfer to the cooling system. There is also a decrease in the temperature of cooling water and wall (cooler side) due to the decrease in the heat loss to the cooling system. Increased gas-side wall temperature and gas temperature improve the specific fuel consumption by 4%, and increases engine speed by 1.6% by affecting combustion efficiency. There is also an increase in the engine. power due to the decrease in the load of cooling system. - xi -
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