Kıyı bankacılığı
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- Tez No: 22304
- Danışmanlar: PROF. DR. LATİF ÇAKICI
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Bankacılık, Banking
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: Ankara Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 119
Özet
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Özet (Çeviri)
99 SUMMARY Appearence of off-shore banking as an activity in the international fînance system displays a parallelism with the appearence and development of Euro-markets, defıned as the money and capital system, formed by the local currencies beyond their respective domestic borders. Foundation of the reasons that led to the development of off-shore banking can be dated up to years of World War II. However, the place and importance of the off-shore banking, among the international fînance system has been clarified, by the huge accumulation of the petro-dollars in some of the Arabic countries as a result of hikes in petrol prices during the petrol crisis of 1970's. Integration of the petro-dollars, accumulated in these Arabic countries to the world economy has been achieved as these massive accumulations started to divert towards Europe, displaying both political and economic stability, resulting in Euro-markets, reaching quite substantial amounts. Consequently, transfer of funds, from the regions with surplus funds to the regions, short of funds, had necessiated new finance centers to carry out this kind of transactions and off-shore banking units have taken their places in international finance system to play this role. At those years, the internal problems of Lebanon had caused Beirut to loose its popularity of being a secure banking center in the Middle East for the international money and consequantly necessity for the establishment of new banking centers, alternative to this center, had arised. Off-shore banking had100 been brought up to the agenda of Turkey also in pursuant of fînding a secure banking center in the Middle East. However, even though there was no prevalent objection to the activities of off-shore banking units in Turkey, insufficiency of Turkey's socio-economic structure had prevented off-shore banking activities in Turkey, putting banking activity out of agenda of Turkey temporarily tül the establishment of convenient economic and legal environment in Turkey for this kind of banking activities. Although off-shore banking could not become a part of agenda of Turkey for a temporary time period, ongoing studies to form the legal framevvork, that will allow off-shore banking activities in Turkey has been also taken seriously at the mean time, especially with the introduction of economic program, put into implementation after 1980 to boast Turkey's development efforts and pace of integration of Turkish economy to the world economy. A series of decision, taken as a result of this studies, like giving flexibility to exchange regime, foreign trade and opening the doors of economy to the external economies, had been put into effect and the necessary environment, that will allow off-shore banking activities in Turkey has been createdto a certain extent. in order to be able to continue its efforts, to become öne of the industrialized countries of the world, Turkey, like many other developing countries, is in need of substantial external financial resources. Because of this reason, Turkey should give utmost importance to every opportunity that may101 increase the flow of external sources into the country to benefit from this kind of opportunities effectively. Developments, which have been observed in the Middle East and neighbouring countries since 1990 have created this kind of opportunities for Turkey. The Gulf Crisis and ensuing turmoil in the Middle East has resulted in off-shore banking to search for new alternative centers, Turkey among them, that are close to the region and that display political and economic stability. Moreover, the close relationship established between Turkey and the Turkic Republics which have found existence after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is another factor that helped Turkey to become an attractive country in the international fînance system. it should be borne in mind that off-shore banking has been basically stemmed from the need of being close to the movement of capital, world trade, money markets and customers dealing with foreign trade and being able to operate in and benefit from flexible environments which some of the countries, unlike many developed countries, created for these kind of transactions. These countries that have created convenient environment for off-shore banking activities, expect, in return, various benefits like an increase in the flow of foreign capital into their countries, transfer of knowledge, cheap credit and fînance opportunities, integration of their economies to the world economy and decrease in their unemployment rates. Under these circumstances, Turkey, showing vvilligness to have in country off-shore banking activities, should, prior to giving102 its final decision on going with off-shore banking, analyse and evaluate all the costs and benefits, these kind of banking ativities shall bring into country in the long term. Moreover Turkey, as a country in the development process, should exert its efforts towards becoming a functional international finace center that posses advanced financial instruments and techniques, like cost minimizing future, option, swap and fulfills all the requirements of such a center, like the avalibility of bilingual, well trained and qualified personnel, developed transportation and communication infrastructure and established tecnical support that will allow realization of all kinds of banking transactions with other international finance centers, scattered throughout the world, in its approach to off-shore banking. For a country, aiming at becoming an off-shore banking center, fullfiling all the requirements on which applicability of off-shore banking in the host country is depended, may not be sufficient to attain this objective because of some external factors on which the host country has no control. For instance, globalization, that is one of the effects of rapid transformation process observed throughout the world during most recent years, has brought up the issue of integration of finance markets, which necessarily requires loosening or elimination of constraints that pose hinderence for the integration mentioned above.103 This kind of development shall, of course, result in off-shore banking units to loose their atractiveness eventually. Therefore, since the external factors, on which the host country has no or limited control, may, as in the case of above example, cause various unexpected problems during implementation of off-shore banking activities and/or prevent the host country to reach its objectives, coutries, that are on the verge of decision to go with off-shore banking, like Turkey, should give the necessarily importance to these external factors in order not to get disappointed with the activities of off-shore banking units in their countries in the future. It should also be borne in mind that in addition to the external factors mentioned above, the internal factors like the establishment of the convenient socio-economic structure that poseses political and economic stability, minimum bureaucracy, having regulations, that require no control on exchange rates, and allow transfer of profits and capital, availibilty of tax exemption, strict adherence to the rules of confidentiality, ability of a country to fulfill its commitments and increase its credibility, play an important role as to the applicability and the development of off-shore banking in Turkey. It will be justifiable to emphasize here that the issue was not just whether or not to be able to fully render operational an international banking system in Turkey, but rather to clearly illustrate and analyze the probable aspects of the system within the framework of a development project integrating the system104 and the Turkish economy with the world economies by easing the entry to international finance markets and to objectively evaluate the costs and benefits of such a practice to Turkey in the long term. This thesis, trying to reveal facts about the applicability of off-shore banking in Turkey and create a conceptual understanding of off-shore banking through application examples, taken from throughout the world and incorporating, at the mean time, the expert opinions of the relevant circles on the subject, consists of eight seperate sections that can be briefed as follows; In the first section, which describes off-shore banking and its main characteristics, appearence and development of Euro-markets, with which off-shore banking's appearence displays parallelism, have been covered. Moreover, in this section, various kinds of banking transactions, observed in off-shore banking units have been discussed so as to clarify the position of off-shore banking in the international finance system. Second section of the thesis, mainly talks about the factors that led to the appearence and development of off-shore banking especially through giving examples, taken from throught the world and analysing the main characteristic of these centers together with the specific reasons that led to the development of them.105 In the third section, which analyses the legal framework for the off-shore banking, regulations, in the countries that contributed to the development of Euro-markets, like U.S.A. and United Kingdom, have been covered. The subject of the forth section is the requirements on which applicability of off-shore banking is dependent. In this section, socio-economic structure that will allow off-shore banking activities in a country has been analysed. In section five, off-shore banking units have been categorised into two groups, named Paper Centers and Functional Centers, based on the type of banking transactions that are carried out at these centers. While Paper Centers, that benefit from advantageous environment, the host contries offer to them, pretend to have carried out the banking transactions which actually have not been carried out by these centers in order to maximize their profits, Functional Centers are the ones that really carry out off-shore banking activities. Sixth section of the thesis elaborates on different types of banking transactions, carried out at various off-shore banking centers. In section seven, the costs and benefits, associated with the off-shore banking activities both in short and long terms to the host country, has been discussed.106 In the last section of the thesis, the issue of how Turkey secured its position in the international financial system through the practice and applications of off-shore banking has duly been assessed. The sub-topics that were respectively analyzed, were the preliminary phase of off-shore banking in Turkey and the legal adjustments made thereof in terms of its correlation with the already set up banking system in the country. After making a one-to-one comparison of the said banking system with that of“Free Trade Banking”certain similarities as well as different structural basis were amongst the findings. In consequence, it has been attempted to reveal and attest that it was not compulsory for the off-shore banking system to operate interlockingly with the free trade zones.
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