Türkiye'de konut sorununun çözümü çerçevesinde yapım sistemlerinin irdelenmesi
The Examination of construction systems paralel to the solution of housing problem in Turkey
- Tez No: 39250
- Danışmanlar: DOÇ.DR. OKTAY CANSUN
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, Architecture
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1993
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 109
Özet
ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı; Konut sorununun ülkemizdeki (Türkiye'deki) boyutlarının irdelenerek, halen kullanılan yapı üretim sistemlerinin sorunun çözümünde ne düzeyde etkili olduklarının incelenmesidir. Bu nedenle KONUT SORUNU başlıklı bölümde; Konut sorununun arz; talep ilişkisine bağlı olarak genel bir tanımı yapılarak, ülkemizde kentleşme süreci içinde konut sorununu oluşturan nedenler incelenmiştir. Bu konuda uygulanan hükümet politalarının ne düzeyde etken çözüm olanakları oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Konut sorununun sırf finansman sorunu olmadığı, aynı zamanda finansmanın rasyonel kullanımını sağlayacak yapı üretim sistemlerinin uygulanması ile de ilgisi olduğu düşünülerek YAPI ÜRETİM SİSTEMİ başlıklı bölümde ise; Endüstrileşme düzeyine göre, yapı üretim sistemlerinin gelişim evreleri incelenmiştir. Gelişmiş Geleneksel Sistemlerin, yapı üretim tekniklerine getirdikleri yeniliklerin incelendiği GELİŞMİŞ GELENEKSEL SİSTEMLER başlıklı bölümde ise; Ülkemizde Toplu Konut uygulamalarında sıkça rastlanan“Tünel Kalıp”teknolojisi de açıklanmıştır. Endüstrileşme hareketinin, diğer üretim dallarında ortaya koyduğu yararlar gözönünde tutularak yapı üretim sistemine de getireceği faydaların vurgulandığı ENDÜSTRİLEŞMİŞ SİSTEMLER bölümünde ise; Endüstrileşmenin tarihçesi yapılarak, endüstrileşmiş üretimin özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca prefabrikasyonun ana hatları a- çıklanarak, prefabrike sistemler sınıflandırılmış ve prefabrike beton bünyeli panel sistemlerin diğer prefabrike sistemlere güre, üretim bazında avantajları araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; konut sorununun çözümünde uygulanacak üretim sisteminin ne olacağını belirlemek üzere, ülkemizde en geniş uygulama alanı bulan geleneksel sistemler, prefabrike sistemlerle karşılaştırıldığında, sözü edilen ikinci sistemin birçok avantajları görülmüştür. -ıx-
Özet (Çeviri)
SUMMARY THE EXAMINATION OF CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS PARALEL TO THE SOLUTION OF HOUSING PROBLEM IN TURKEY In historical process, by passing to the urban lifestyle, connected to the developments in economical, cultural and social, structures, the necessities of living and protection increased. Participation to social life made human being's behaviors, necessities and lives collective. The shelters must have had better properties than hollows and caves and that was a result of the developments in believes, pleasures and obligations. Formation of different groups having different social and economic structures added various dimensions tD sheltering needs. For that reason, in Middle Ages while feudal lord's were living in castles and palaces, their empoyees were living in primitive shelters just like animals. Uith the indsutrial revolution, working class who had economic and social warranties, and called Middle Class, had formed. Beside the luxurious residences of the rich people, the residence areas of the Middle Class, which were near to the working areas, began to form. A new type of residence answering minimum necessities became popular and called“Social Residence”. With social residence conception, the expectitions of people from physical and social surroundings and interior and exterior comfort conditions, tried to be answered. Modern technology, increasing population and destroyed cities because of the wars, evaluated city areas by bringing new business oppurtunities. So a housing problem appeared because of the increase in the city population and lock of field. That caused an intensive and multi-stored residence production. In Dther words, assembled residence must have had the required speed, quality and economic conditions. The aim of this study is to examinate, if the construction production systems are enough or not in the solution of housing problem in Turkey. For that reason in the part called“Housing Problem”the housing problem has been examinated. -x-Urbanization period began with the migration from countryside to cities and the immense increase in population after 195D s, in Turkey and people worked and produced more so they had better life standarts. Parallel to the developments in social structure, the feudal family perspective began to change That braught economic and social freedom to the individuals, and desire for living in apart residences appear. Changes in family structure and increase in population made the need of residence unanswerable year by year. The limited oppurtunities in the countryside increased the attraction of the cities so new comers formed settlement areas without any substructure, houses built without acquiring the land rights araund the city centre. These settlements were not formed under the permission of the resolution mechanisms of the local authority. For that reason it was very hard to bring education and health services to this areas. Beside the sever systems, water supplies and electricity connections were generally not completed. In Turkey construction production works were made in very short time as 4G-5D years. The housing production took place in the government programme in 1980 s and this shows the dimensions of the housing problem in Turkey. Explanations showed that housing demand increases 4.7 per-cent in the settlement areas having a population over 2D. ODD, every year and will be 32D.0DD by the 1994. 676. ODD of the guessed demand out of 1.763.DD0 residences will be financed by the »a ssembled Residence Foundation“ This amount is the 38 per-cent of the total demand. This shows that Assembled Residence Foundation is not enough in the solution of the housing dem nd. 95 per-cent of residence production is made by small enterprisers as contractors or by big enterprisers as cooperatives in traditional ways, It is obvious that the housing problem is not only a financial problem but it is a problem of using financial sources in a rational way and producing new construction systems. So in the part called ”Construction Production systems“ production sytems are explained, due to their industrial levels. Construction Production Systems are classified as fallows :.Primitive Construction Systems.Traditional Construction Systems.Developed Traditional Construction Systems.Industrialized Construction Systems -XI-.Primitive Construction Systems. These systems are produced by using simple environmental material and primitive techniques..Traditional Construction Systems. These systems are systems in which the production is made in buildi -sites (in-situ) the handwork is a lot and environmental material is used.' The properties of Traditional Construction Systems are ;.A lot of hand working. Variety of architectural design.Building-site production (in-situ).Long time for production.Affected by the seasonal conditions.Loss of material.Lack of quality control.Developed Traditional Construction. These systems in which the construction are produced in workshops and factories and then reproduced (or used) by handworking in building sites. The reporties of Developed Traditional Construction Systems are; -Effective and good flowing building site arrangement. -Shorter time of production then traditional systems -Practical and harmonious work order. -Fast production of similar work. -Use of standart elements. -Rational use of construction machines. -Qualified worker use in certain amounts. -A certain amount of saving in hand working..Industrialized Construction Systems, These systems in which there isfactorial production: usage of machine techniques; saving of time, work and cost; characterization of ready construction components' production. -Xll-The properties of Industrialited construction systems are; -Continious Flowal Production, -Standart Production, -Planned Production, -Production by Machines. In the part, in which the reforms brought to the production techniques by the Developed Traditional Construction Systems called ”Developed Traditional Construction Systems" the Tunnel Formwork Technology which is often seen in Assembled Residence applications, is explored. Developed Traditional Construction systems developed new techniques for both the increase Df productions in unit time and the rational usage of materials. Tunnel Formuork System, which is one of these new techniques, is one of the construction systems used for the solution of the Housing Problem in Turkey. Tunnel Formwork Systemy, is the technique, in which the carrier wall and floor components of the buildings are pilled by big dimensioned formwork elements and at once. It is monolitic construction production systems of reinforced concrete. These following subjects are in the part called Industrialized Construction Systems, in which the profits of industrializing movements in construction production systems ore mentioned, considering the profits in the other bronches of productions. With systems that carried production from buildig- sites to factories in other words by f actorializing, it is tried to more healty site and environment standarts, to solve the employment problem and to supply better working conditions for the workers. The system which will solve the housing problem must consist these three components;.Speed. Quality. Economy ?Xlll-The prefabricated construction system is classified in k main branches;.Large Panel Systems /Framed Structure Systems.Box Type Structure! Systems.Composed Systems Large Panel Systems are systems containing carrier, protecter and insulator properties and are plane shaped structures having residential 3 dimensions. The vertical panels form the mall panels and the horizantal panels form the floor panels. In Framed Structure Systems carrying function is shouldered by frames, columns and rafters; seperating and protecting functions are shouldered by panels. Box Type Structurel 5ystems are 3 dimensional residential elements that contain wall and floor panels having high level of industrialization. They are seperated as installation box units and life box units due to their functions. Composed Systems; are systems in which The Traditional Building Systems are used beside Framed Structural Box Units and Panel Systems. In this way, Composed Systems obtain a lange number of combinations. It is observed that advantages of time, quality and cost is obtained by using prefabricated elements. On the other hand, they have a lof of disadvantages as: the need of huge investment, the limited solution of architecture and the necessity of qualified worker. An explanation made in Europe showed that after 15 years traditional construction will be B,5 fold of the previous numbers. In Europe, in traditional constructions material hand work ratio is 30:70, but in Turkey this ration is 70:30. This situation, shows that there are serious locks and problems in the applications of prefabricated systems in Turkey, so it won't be a pessimistic but o realistic approach to think that prefabricated systems won't be able to show the some development as in Europe. -xiv-
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