Boyutsal standartlar açısından Türkiye'de üretilen konut oturma ekipmanı tasarımı ve üretim teknolojileri ile ilişkisi
From the point of dimensional standarts; A survey of designing in door sitting equipment and its relation with the production technogies
- Tez No: 39345
- Danışmanlar: PROF.DR. METE ÜNÜGÖR
- Tez Türü: Yüksek Lisans
- Konular: Mimarlık, İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon, Architecture, Interior Design and Decoration
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Belirtilmemiş.
- Yıl: 1992
- Dil: Türkçe
- Üniversite: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
- Enstitü: Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Ana Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Bilim Dalı: Belirtilmemiş.
- Sayfa Sayısı: 221
Özet
Bu çalışmada; konut oturma ekipmanı tasarımında etkili olan faktörler içinde, önemli etkinliğe sahip olan, kullanıcının temel ve kritik boyutsal gereksinimleri incelenmiş, Ürünün gerek boyutsal, gerekse fonksiyonel açılardan performansı göz önünde tutularak, Türkiye' de üretilen konut oturma ekipmanlarında, belli bir standartlaşma olup olmadığı; varsa bu standartlaşmanın ne düzeyde olduğu saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca bugün ülkemizde konut oturma ekipmanı üretiminde geçerli olan üretim teknolojileri araştırılarak, bu teknolojilere göre, ürünün niteliksel ve niceliksel değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde; mobilyanın çağlar boyunca, toplumların yaşam koşullarına, uygarlık anlayışlarına ve estetik görüşlerine paralel olarak değişik aşamalar gösterdiği, farklı biçimler aldığı; bu farklı biçimleri alırken kullanıcı gereksinimlerine de yanıt vermesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak, günümüz deki hızlı konut yapımı sonucu, belli standartların ortaya konması zorunluluğunun doğduğu, konutlardaki standartlaşmanın yanı sıra, mekanın boyutlandırılmasına etki eden konut iç donatımında da standartların belirlenmesi gerektiği anlatılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde; günümüze kadar olan gelişimin tarihi perspektif içinde betimlenip, somut olarak sergilenebilmesi için, oturma ekipmanı tasarımına ilişkin tanım ve tarihçesi sistematik biçimde ele alınmaktadır. üçüncü bölümde; oturma ekipmanı tasarımında öncelikle kullanıcının boyutsal gereksinmelerinin belirlenmesi gerektiği, problem alanı olarak ortaya konulmaktadır. Boyutsal gereksinmelerin belirlenmesinde gerekli olan, oturma ile ilgili statik vücut ölçülerinin tanımları ve bu ölçüleri etkileyen genel faktörler ile oturma ekipmanı ta sarımında; anatomik, fizyolojik ve psikolojik prensipler anlatılmakta, belirlenen boyutsal standartlarla üretim teknolojileri arasında iliş ki kurulmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde; "Türkiye genelinde örnekleme alanı olarak seçilen istanbul'daki üretim yapan firmalara uygulanılan bir anket araştırması yer almaktadır. Bu araştırmada firmalara üretim özellikleri, ürün özellikleri ve ürüne yönelik standartlaşma düzeyinin belirlenme si ile ilgili sorular sorulmakta ve bunların değerlendirmeleri yapıl maktadır. Beşinci bölümde; bu çalışma ile tez amaçlarına ne derecede ulaşıldığı tartışılmakta ve Türkiye'deki standartlaşma hedeflerinin belli bir oranda gerçekleştirilebilmesi doğrultusunda çeşitli öneriler ortaya konulmaktadır.
Özet (Çeviri)
Amongst the factors influencing the design of indoor sitting equipment, the important one,“the user's basic and critical dimen sional needs”, is viewed in this survey; besides that, considering the dimensional and functional performances of the products, it is aimed to find out to which extent there has been a standardization established. On the other hand, by investigating the current production technologies of indoor sitting furniture in Türkiye, according to those technologies the productions are evaluated in points of quality and quantity. In the first chapter of this work these aspects of such furni ture are emphasized: The evolution of the furniture development being parallel to the manners of life of communities, their civiliza tion levels and their aesthetic concepts; throughout the centuries in which it has been changed and while changing how it answered all demands arising on the user's part. In addition to the above facts, these are also covered in the first chapter: A speedy increase in population and as its consequ ence, the accommodation problem, which yielded fast building an the latter urged some certain regulations in constructional design. These regulations also affected dimensioning of the flats in a degree that interior furnishing also needed some standards to let people have reasonably enough space to live in. In the second chapter, some general definitions are given on the design of sitting equipment, by stating that, one uses sitting equipment wherever he exists; and the formation, the shape, and the quality of this equipment are defined by the surroundings. In the chapter, it is mentioned that some recoveries are needed to develop the user's comfort in sitting equipment to be used domesti cally and the knowledge of ergonomics is a great help in this matter. In this concept, the development of the design of sitting equipment in its cronicle is told in accordance with certain times. From the primitive ages, up to the early times of the nine teenth century, it is seen that natural resources like human power, animal power, wind and hydro-power shaped the style of production. The nineteenth century is a period of great changes. Industrial Revolution started in Europe and in the U.S.A. This occurence which has an utmost influence has shaken all the criterions of existing evaluation. The power of machinery is on the production-scene... The foundations of contemporary concept are established in the period of“Arts & Crafts”. However, in the period of Bauhaus, the conditional and conceptual certainities of this understanding are gained, and so industrial furniture appeared. Post Modernist Furniture, once more, has developed the interest to all historical tendencies which were about being replaced by Modernization in the years of 1950' s and 1960's. The twentieth century has become a period of factories. New materials were discovered and related machines and tools were devel oped and enlarged in numbers. Therefore, the current design trend aims to make all parts functional in furniture. In the third chapter, the relations between the dimensional standards of production and technologies of production are told after defining the dimensional needs of indoor sitting furniture and the influencing factors. In sitting equipment designing, it's rather hard to define the certain design concepts to be considered belonging to the field of use and the user's physical characteristics. In such a design work, dimensional quantities of pieces differ according to their uses, masses, shapes, details, and materials. A successful design of an armchair sholudn't cause anybody to feel his muscles tired and it must provide a comfortable sitting. Some parts of muscles under continous tension cause tireness in human body. For this reason a well -designed armchair is the one which allows the user change his posture time to time in order to move the muscles of various parts in his body. The elements providing a com fortable sitting depend on the dimensions, shape, and -to an extent- the materials used in manufacturing of that sitting equipment. The dimensions of a sitting equipment consist of the height of seat plane, seat depth and width, and dimensions of the splat and arms. In this chapter, the dimensional variations of sitting equip ments are shown together with anthropometric data tables. On the other hand, in the third chapter, the technologies that are used in manufacturing sitting equipment in TUrkiye are discussed. Alongside with manufacturing techniques which are related to produc tion; the machineries used in production are also surveyed. Basically, three kinds of technologies are used in producing sitting equipments: - Production by hand, - Semi-mechanized production, - Fully mechanized production. In the technique of production made by hand, production is - v.nrealized in the workshops. Masters use their own powers of work and small tools and equipments. In such workshops the types which are products of a dense handiwork are produced. The semi -mechanized type is the most common production manner in Türkiye. It is the way of production in which mechanization is used together with handiwork. As it is not fully mechanized, uninter rupted production is out of question. In the fully mechanized production technique, productions take place in factories. Handiwork activities are replaced by mechaniza tion. As the case is continuous (automated) production, the produc tion aims very large numbers of quantities. When the products are viewed according to the above mentioned three ways of production, a number of differences are observed. In the fully mechanized or automated way of manufacturing, the quality of products is tried to be advanced to a certain level by help of some supporting management services such as planning, organ izing, application, surveillancy, coordination, and standardization. Planning helps to define the doer and the execution time of an activ ity. After the teams having been assigned and scheduled, surveillance takes place. Besides that the coordination is established among these teams and tasks. In fully automated production activities, some stand ards are established concerning the product, manufacturing process and period, the sources (raw materials and man-power), the customer serv ices and the delivery services. In the production carried out in workshops, there is no stand ardization as it is in automated ones. However, a quality control system they developed within their conditions are worth mentioning. Dimensioning the products is also out of standards as it is in fully mechanized ones. Since the production is based on orders mostly spec ified by the purchaser, the user's will and wishes are dominant fac tors in dimensioning and in the material selection. When comparing the production technologies quantitively, we see some differences in numbers of products between factory and work shop productions. In hand made production, the product faces a lot of complicated processing and it is produced by one or more people, therefore produc tion has a limit. The main target desired to be achieved through automated pro duction is to manufacture enough goods in a certain period of time and to conduct them to the large markets on time. Some research work is carried on about satisfying the dimensional demands of users of such equipment in the firms which managed to convert into fully auto mated production and have established their“design and development departments”. Alongside these research activities, it is noticable that the working capacities of the machineries and the nature of raw materials used in manufacturing are also dominant factors in defining dimensional standarts concerning the equipment being produced. In the fourth chapter, the technologies used in the production of domestical indoor sitting equipments in Türkiye are told, and re- latedly, the methodology of research aiming the fixed standards to be find out about dimensioning those equipments is mentioned. From the point of view of dimensional standards for the re search to be done in the field of indoor sitting furniture, documenta tion, inquiry, and observation techniques are used. All the available product defining literatures published and issued out by the producers or manufacturers of indoor sitting equip ments have been gathered together with other similar documents, such as leaflets, catalogues, and advertisements. Throughout these, it is subjected to have knowledge preview. In order to understand the prob lems met in production phase and the others in the design of indoor sitting equipment, the factory of a firm which is fully automated has been visited and observations and investigations have been carried out. In the city of Istanbul, that is selected as the sampling district of Türkiye; the written inquiry sheets are handed out to the manufacturing firms. The questions of the inquiry were covering the following articles: - Dimensional data of indoor sitting equipment for individuals. - Production technologies of the firm. - Annual production depending on the technology used. - How to achieve the market demands. - What sorts of customers are served. - Market shares of the firms. - Marketing. research about the product is made before hand or not. - The manners of the establishing contact with the user of the furni ture. - How effective is the conditions of the purchaser and what they are. - Which factors are dominant in dimensioning the product. - What standards are developed in surveillance in the firm. - The production phases in manufacturing and the problems faced in each of them. - The tools and the machinery used in the process. - The raw materials consumed in production. For each topic above, distribution graphics have been prepared and inquiries have been evaluated. According to the results obtained, it can be stated that the dominant and common production manner in the Turkish furniture sector is small workshops system. Considering this fact, and observing the market of the sector, it cannot be said that a standardization at a certain level has been achieved yet. Only a few outstanding firms of this sector work at standardization scien tifically at a rate within their limits. In the fifth chapter; at what rate the subject of thesis which has been mentioned in the first chapter are told as a sequence. The main point of this work was to define a problem as stated on the headline:“From the Point of Dimensional Standards a Survey of Designing Indoor Sitting Equipment & Its Relation with the Production Technologies”. The way followed in solving the problem comprises these steps: defining the dimensional needs of the user, and relatedly emphasizing the factors influencing the design of sitting equipment; production technologies of sitting equipment produced in Türkiye and the evalua tion of such technologies. Derivation of the knowledge throughout this period once more shows that the transformation into the automated process naturally yields standardizations in function as well as it does in dimensions. To increase the standardization in this sector in Türkiye, the governmental surveillance is necessary in a manner by which guidence should be carried on and besides that the consciousness of consumers should be developed to much higher levels. On the other hand, it has been perceived through this survey that no research has been held related with the average dimensions of parts of the body of Turkish people yet. In the present and current Turkish Standards, there are only dimensional definitions derived from the international sources of statistics. It is clearly seen that such a research concerning the measures of parts of the body about Turkish people is an urgent demand of our time.
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